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NEGERI KEDAH DALAM MAHKAMAH SESYEN JENAYAH (2) DI ALOR SETAR KES TANGKAP NO: KA-62D-482-10/2021, KA-83D-482-114-01/2021 DAN KA-83D-2877-10/2021 DI ANTARA PENDAKWA RAYA .…... PIHAK MERAYU
KA-62D-482-10/2021
Sessions Court of Malaysia16 Feb 2025
The written judgment as the court issued it, with the coram, case number, and source links. Every paragraph has its own anchor.
Citations and treatment detected automatically from later judgments and the authorities this decision relies on.
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Earlier cases and laws this decision relies on
“d its case. Therefore a case can be said to have been proved beyond reasonable doubt at the conclusion of the trial upon a consideration of all the evidence adduced as [provided by s 182 A (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That would normally be the position where the accused has given evidence. However, where the ac”
“kes PP v. Muhammad Zulfakar Abdullah [2022] CLJU 1907, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: [19] Turning my attention now to the 2nd ingredient. Possession is not defined in the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. However, it has been defined in numerous cases since. In PP v. Mohd Radzi Bakar [2006] 1 CLJ 457,”
“Wan Yurillhami Wan Yaacob & Anor v. PP [2009] 2 MLRA 711 Mahkamah Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa:- “It is a well established principle of law in dealing with the criminal liability under s. 34 of the Penal Code that a pre-concert or pre-planning may develop on the spot or during the course of the commission of the offen”
“berikut: “[17] It is elementary that the prosecution had to prove not only physical possession but also the mens rea possession. The authorities on this point are legion. In Toh Ah Loh & Anor v. Rex [1948] CLJU 72; [1948] 1 LNS 72; [1949] MLJ 54, Gordon Smith, Acting CJ defined possession as follows:- Possession, in or”
“re of the thing possessed; ii. The possessor must have in him a power of disposal over the thing; and iii. The possessor must be conscious of his possession of the thing. [20] In Chan Pean Leon v. PP [1956] CLJU 17; [1956] 1 LNS 17; [1956] 1 MLJ, it was held that before "possession" is made out, there must exist the ph”
“e drawn. The essence of circumstantial evidence is not the effect of the individual strands of evidence but the combined effect of all the circumstances when taken together. See Chan Chwen Kong v. PP [1962] CLJU 22; [1962] 1 LNS 22; [1962] MLJ 307. [22] The element of conscious knowledge and existence of the subject pr”
“ntial evidence is not the effect of the individual strands of evidence but the combined effect of all the circumstances when taken together. See Chan Chwen Kong v. PP [1962] CLJU 22; [1962] 1 LNS 22; [1962] MLJ 307. [22] The element of conscious knowledge and existence of the subject property is often not easily establ”
“know the nature of the thing possessed, and must have in him a power of disposal over the thing, and lastly must be conscious of his possession of the thing. [18] In Saad Ibrahim v. Public Prosecutor [1967] CLJU 154; [1967] 1 LNS 154, Yong J stressed the necessity of establishing the ingredient of knowledge on the part”
“n raises no presumption of mens rea. Without mens rea possession cannot be criminal except in certain cases created by statue, which is not applicable in this case. (See also PP v. Abd. Latif Sakimin [2005] CLJU 265; [2005] 1 LNS 265; [2005] 6 MLJ 351 and PP v. Kang Ho Soh [1991] 3 CLJ 2914; [1991] 3 CLJ (Rep) 557). **”
“e Court's evaluation of a chemist's evidence is infinitely more necessary where the weight of the drug concerned is bordering or proximating a lesser offence...” Di dalam kes PP v. Mehandran Kandiah [2020] CLJU 234, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[157] An examination of the following passage i”
“eh kaitkan barang-barang dadah yang dikemukakan di mahkamah ini dalam kes ini dengan kedua-dua tertuduh ini. Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Rayuan Tan Chun Cheng v. PP & Another Appeal [2020] MLRAU 156 di mana Vazeer Alam, JCA menyatakan kepentingan untuk menjalankan analisa cap jari dan DNA: - “[32] Fingerprint”
“e if he had no mens rea and the act was ordered or procured by another person-but the person who ordered or procured the act is criminally responsible.” Di dalam kes PP v. Muhammad Zulfakar Abdullah [2022] CLJU 1907, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: [19] Turning my attention now to the 2nd ingred”
“n the spot or during the course of the commission of the offence, but the crucial test is that such plan must precede the act constituting the offence.” Di dalam kes PP v. Ghazali Jaafar & satu lagi [2024] CLJU 2016, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[53] Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan memperuntukkan”
“in the prosecution case in this regard, have gone further, and shown the possibility of access by others, but this they were not, in Law, obliged to do.” Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Ng Mee Yee v. PP [2025] CLJU 469, dimana Mohd Nazlan Mohd Ghazali, JCA telah menyatakan seperti berikut: “Whether exclusive possession est”
“that the prosecution had to prove not only physical possession but also the mens rea possession. The authorities on this point are legion. In Toh Ah Loh & Anor v. Rex [1948] CLJU 72; [1948] 1 LNS 72; [1949] MLJ 54, Gordon Smith, Acting CJ defined possession as follows:- Possession, in order to incriminate a person, mus”
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Content
NEGERI KEDAH DALAM MAHKAMAH SESYEN JENAYAH (2) DI ALOR SETAR KES TANGKAP NO: KA-62D-482-10/2021, KA-83D-482-114-01/2021 DAN KA-83D-2877-10/2021 DI ANTARA PENDAKWA RAYA .…... PIHAK MERAYU
2
FONG WAI HON .... PIHAK MENENTANG ALASAN PENGHAKIMAN Latarbelakang kes [1] Pihak Menentang iaitu OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah dituduh dengan tiga (3) kes seperti berikut: Kes KA-62D-482-10/2021 Pertuduhan “Bahawa kamu bersama-sama pada 16hb Januari 2021 jam lebih kurang 2.30 pagi di sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai tidak bernombor di belakang sebuah tokong cina Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah, di dalam daerah Kota Setar di dalam Negeri Kedah telah didapati dalam milikan kamu dadah berbahaya iaitu jenis ‘Methamphetamine’ seberat 30.54 gram. Oleh yang demikian itu kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan di bawah Seksyen 12 (2) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 dan boleh dihukum di bawah Seksyen 39A (2) Akta Yang sama dibaca bersama Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan.” Kes KA-83D-114-01/2021 Pertuduhan Pindaan Pertama “Bahawa kamu bersama-sama pada 16hb Januari 2021 jam lebih kurang 2.30 pagi di sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai tidak bernombor di belakang sebuah tokong cina Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah, di dalam daerah Kota Setar di dalam Negeri Kedah telah didapati dalam milikan kamu dadah berbahaya iaitu jenis ‘Heroin’ seberat 0.007 gram. Oleh yang demikian itu kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan di bawah Seksyen 12 (2) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 dan dihukum di bawah Seksyen 12 (3) Akta yang sama dibaca bersama Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan.” Pertuduhan Tambahan “Bahawa kamu bersama-sama pada 16hb Januari 2021 jam lebih kurang 2.30 pagi di sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai tidak bernombor di belakang sebuah tokong cina Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah, di dalam daerah Kota Setar di dalam Negeri Kedah telah didapati dalam milikan kamu dadah berbahaya iaitu jenis ‘Monoacetylmorphines’ seberat 0.007 gram. Oleh yang demikian itu kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan di bawah Seksyen 12 (2) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 dan dihukum di bawah Seksyen 12 (3) Akta yang sama dibaca bersama Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan.” Pertuduhan Pindaan Kedua “Bahawa kamu bersama-sama pada 16hb Januari 2021 jam lebih kurang 2.30 pagi di sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai tidak bernombor di belakang sebuah tokong cina Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah, di dalam daerah Kota Setar di dalam Negeri Kedah telah didapati dalam milikan kamu dadah berbahaya iaitu jenis ‘Cannabis’ seberat 1.14 gram. Oleh yang demikian itu kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan di bawah Seksyen 6 Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 dan boleh dihukum di bawah Seksyen dan Akta yang sama dibaca bersama Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan.” KA-83D-2877-10/2021 Pertuduhan “Bahawa kamu bersama-sama pada 16hb Januari 2021 jam lebih kurang 2.30 pagi di sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai tidak bernombor di belakang sebuah tokong cina Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah, di dalam daerah Kota Setar, dalam negeri Kedah, dengan tanpa kebenaran yang sah telah ada dalam milikan kamu (10) biji tablet berwarna oren seberat 1.82 gram yang mengandungi Fluoxetine. Oleh yang demikian kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan di bawah Seksyen 9 (1) Akta Racun 1952 yang boleh dihukum di bawah Seksyen 32 (2) Akta yang sama dibaca bersama Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan.” [2] OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah memohon supaya dibicarakan keatas kesemua pertuduhan dan mereka diwakili oleh peguam. Pihak Pendakwaan telah memanggil seramai empat (4) orang saksi. Kes telah dibicarakan oleh Hakim lain dengan keterangan SP1 sehingga SP3. Apabila saya diarahkan untuk sambung bicara kes ini, saya telah mendengar keterangan SP4. Pada akhir kes Pendakwaan, OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah dipanggil untuk membela diri. OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah memberi keterangan secara bersumpah dan pada akhir kes Pembelaan, Mahkamah telah mendapati pihak Pembelaan telah berjaya untuk menimbulkan keraguan munasabah terhadap kes Pendakwaan dan pihak Pendakwaan telah gagal untuk membuktikan kes tanpa keraguan munasabah terhadap OKT 1 dan OKT 2 keatas kesemua pertuduhan. Oleh yang demikian, OKT 1 dan OKT 2 dilepaskan dan dibebaskan dari kesemua pertuduhan di dalam kes No. KA- 62D-482-10/2021, KA-83D-114-01/2021 dan KA-83D-2877-10/2021. [3] Pendakwa Raya tidak berpuas hati dengan keputusan melepaskan dan membebaskan OKT 1 dan OKT 2 dan kini merayu ke Mahkamah Tinggi terhadap perintah tersebut. Kes pihak Pendakwaan [4] Pada 16.1.2021 jam lebih kurang 2.20 pagi, Pegawai Operasi (SP2) bersama sembilan (9) orang anggota daripada Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Kota Setar telah menjalankan operasi di hadapan sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai di belakang Tokong Cina, Seberang Nyonya, Jalan Putra, Alor Setar, Kedah. Semasa sampai di tempat kejadian, SP2 dan anggota telah membuat pemerhatian terhadap stor tersebut dalam masa lebih kurang lima (5) minit. Mereka kemudian telah pergi ke hadapan stor tersebut dan mendapati pintu hadapan stor bertutup tetapi tidak berkunci. SP2 bersama anggota telah membuka pintu stor tersebut dan memasuki stor dan mendapati terdapat dua (2) orang lelaki berbangsa Cina iaitu, OKT 1 dan OKT 2, berada di sebelah kanan stor. Mereka duduk di atas kerusi dan meja menghadap ke arah dinding stor. SP2 telah memperkenalkan diri sebagai pegawai polis dan kemudian OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah menunjukkan kad pengenalan kepada SP2. SP2 telah membuat pemeriksaan badan terhadap kedua-dua OKT tetapi tidak menjumpai apa-apa barang salah. [5] SP2 kemudian telah ternampak plastik lutsinar di atas meja yang berada di dalam keadaan berselerak dan di atas meja tersebut juga terdapat ketulan-ketulan kristal, serbuk putih, tumbuhan dan aluminium foil. SP2 telah membuat pemeriksaan lanjut ke atas barang-barang kes di atas meja tersebut dan mendapati terdapat enam puluh lapan (68) paket plastik lutsinar kecil yang mempunyai serbuk kristal, satu (1) paket plastik lutsinar kecil yang mempunyai serbuk putih, satu (1) paket plastik lutsinar kecil yang mempunyai tumbuhan dan lima (5) keratan aluminium foil yang mempunyai pil. [6] SP2 telah mengeluarkan borang bongkar berkaitan rampasan yang mana telah ditandatangani oleh OKT 1 dan OKT 2 . SP2 kemudiannya telah menahan OKT 1 dan OKT 2 dan telah membawa mereka bersama barang kes ke Ibu Pejabat Daerah Kota Setar untuk tindakan lanjut. [7] Setelah sampai di Ibu Pejabat Daerah Kota Setar, SP2 membuat timbangan dan tandaan keatas barang-barang rampasan dengan disaksikan oleh OKT 1 dan OKT 2. Setelah selesai segala urusan dokumentasi, SP2 kemudiannya telah membawa kedua-dua OKT bersama dengan barang kes untuk diserahkan kepada Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3) bertugas untuk tindakan seterusnya. [8] Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3) telah menerima barang kes dan kedua-dua OKT serta membuat tandaan dan timbangan pada barang kes. Beliau juga melawat tempat kejadian, merakam gambar tempat kejadian dan telah menerima semula barang kes yang dianalisa berserta Lapuran Kimia daripada Pegawai Sains (SP1). Kes pihak Pembelaan [9] OKT 1 telah memberi keterangan bahawa pada 16.1.2021 jam lebih kurang 2.00pagi beliau telah menerima panggilan telefon dari seorang kenalan beliau yang ingin menjual barang elektrik kepadanya. OKT 1 telah memberikan alamat rumah kepada kenalan tersebut. Pada jam lebih kurang 2.10 pagi, kawan sekampung OKT 1 iaitu OKT 2 yang sedang melepak di rumah OKT 1, ingin pulang ke rumahnya. OKT 1 telah menghantar OKT 2 keluar sehingga ke luar pagar rumah OKT 1. Semasa mereka sedang sembang di luar pagar, OKT 1 nampak kenalan beliau bersama beberapa orang lelaki yang beliau tidak kenali, berjalan ke arah beliau dan OKT 2. OKT 1 telah meninggalkan OKT 2 dan telah bertemu dengan kenalan beliau bersama lelaki-lelaki tersebut di hadapan bilik stor. Sampai sahaja di hadapan bilik stor tersebut, seorang lelaki Melayu telah memperkenalkan diri sebagai polis dan telah menahan OKT 1. Sebelum beliau sempat menyatakan apa-apa, OKT 2 juga ditahan dan dibawa ke arah bilik stor. OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah dibawa masuk ke dalam bilik stor dan setelah itu, OKT 1 melihat lelaki-lelaki tersebut menggeledah bilik stor tersebut seolah-olah mencari sesuatu. Beberapa minit kemudian, OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah dibawa ke Ibu Pejabat Daerah Kota Setar di mana satu senarai bongkar (Ekshibit P19) disediakan. OKT 1 mengesahkan bahawa beliau tidak ada kena mengena dengan dadah dan racun yang dijumpai. Perkara ini boleh dibuktikan melalui rakaman CCTV tetapi rakaman CCTV tersebut telah dipecahkan dan dirosakkan oleh lelaki-lelaki yang telah menggeledah bilik stor tersebut. [10] OKT 2 memberi keterangan bahawa pada 16.1.2021, jam lebih kurang 12.00 malam, beliau telah pergi ke rumah OKT 1 untuk lepak. OKT 1 dan OKT 2 adalah kawan sekampung. Pada jam lebih kurang 2.10 pagi, OKT 2 ingin pulang ke rumahnya. OKT 1 telah menghantar OKT 2 keluar sehingga ke luar pagar rumahnya. Semasa mereka sembang di luar pagar, OKT 2 nampak sekumpulan lelaki yang beliau tidak kenali berjalan ke arah OKT 2 dan OKT 1. OKT 1 telah meninggalkan beliau dan berjumpa dengan lelaki-lelaki tersebut. Pada masa yang sama, dua orang daripada lelaki tersebut telah datang ke arah OKT 2. Salah seorang daripada mereka telah memperkenalkan diri sebagai polis dan telah menahan OKT 2. OKT 2 kemudian diarah untuk berjalan ke depan biik stor dimana OKT 1 sedang berdiri. OKT 2 mengesahkan bahawa beliau tidak ada kena mengena dengan dadah dan racun yang dijumpai. Perkara ini boleh dibuktikan melalui rakaman CCTV tetapi rakaman CCTV tersebut telah dipecahkan dan dirosakkan oleh lelaki-lelaki yang telah menggeledah bilik stor tersebut. Isu dan Pendapat [11] Elemen-elemen yang perlu dibuktikan oleh Pihak Pendakwaan bagi kes nombor KA-62D-482-10/2021 dan kes KA-83D-114-01/2021 adalah bahawa:
i
Dadah tersebut adalah tersenarai di bawah Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 (selepas ini dirujuk sebagai ADB 1952);
II
(ii) Berat dadah Methamphetamine, Heroin, Monoacetylmorphines dan Cannabis yang dirampas adalah seperti di dalam pertuduhan;
III
(iii) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pemilikan atau kawalan keatas dadah berkenaan;
IV
(iv) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pengetahuan /‘knowledge’ terhadap dadah tersebut;
v
OKT1 dan OKT2 mempunyai niat bersama untuk memiliki dadah tersebut di bawah Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan. Bagi kes nombor KA-83D-2877-10/2021, Pihak Pendakwaan perlu membuktikan elemen berikut:
i
Pil-pil tersebut adalah tersenarai sebagai bahan psikotropik di bawah
II
(ii) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pemilikan atau kawalan keatas pil-pil tersebut;
III
(iii) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pengetahuan /’knowledge’ terhadap pil-pil tersebut;
IV
(iv) OKT1 dan OKT2 mempunyai niat bersama untuk memiliki dadah tersebut di bawah Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan. Secara ringkasnya, bagi kesemua tiga kes, pihak Pendakwaan perlu membuktikan bahawa elemen-elemen berikut telah dipenuhi:
i
Dadah yang dirampas merupakan dadah berbahaya yang disenaraikan di bawah ADB 1952 iaitu Methamphetamine, Heroin, Monoacetylmorphines dan Cannabis dan pil-pil disenaraikan di bawah Akta Racun 1952 iaitu Fluoxetine;
II
(ii) Berat dadah Methamphetamine, Heroin, Monoacetylmorphines dan Cannabis yang dirampas adalah seperti di dalam pertuduhan;
III
(iii) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pemilikan atau kawalan keatas dadah dan racun yang dirampas tersebut;
IV
(iv) OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pengetahuan/‘knowledge’ terhadap dadah dan racun yang dirampas tersebut;
v
OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai niat bersama untuk memiliki dadah dan racun tersebut di bawah Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan. [12] Pihak Pendawaan telah membuktikan bahawa dadah yang dirampas merupakan dadah berbahaya yang disenaraikan dibawah ADB 1952 iaitu Methamphetamine, Heroin, Monoacetylmorphines dan Cannabis dan Pil-pil yang dirampas disenarikan dibawah Akta Racun 1952 iaitu Fluoxetine melalui keterangan Ahli Kimia (SP1) dan juga Lapuran Kimia (Ekshibit P16) yang disediakan oleh beliau. Mahkamah mendapati bahawa pihak Pendakwaan telah berjaya membuktikan elemen pertama. [13] Apabila berat Methamphetamine melebihi 30 gram, mengikut seksyen 39A(2)(r) ADB 1952, hukuman yang dikhaskan diperuntukkan dibawah seksyen 39A(2) ADB 1952. Bagi pertuduhan di dalam kes KA-62D-482- 10/2021, SP1 telah membuat pengesahan bahawa hasil analisa terhadap 68 peket plastik lutsinar adalah Methamphetamine seberat 30.54 gram. Pada tahap pemeriksaan balas, SP1 telah menyatakan bahawa perkiraan berat dadah adalah bergantung kepada satu ‘print-out’ yang dikeluarkan oleh satu mesin ‘Agilent’. ‘Print-out’ tersebut akan menyatakan peratusan dadah (‘concentration’) yang terkandung di dalam serbuk yang dianalisa. Berdasarkan peratusan dalam ‘print-out’ tersebut, SP1 telah membuat perkiraan untuk mendapatkan berat dadah. Di dalam kes Pendakwa Raya v. Por Chong Beng [1995] 4 MLRH 491 Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan bahawa: - “The Court's evaluation of a chemist's evidence is infinitely more necessary where the weight of the drug concerned is bordering or proximating a lesser offence...” Di dalam kes PP v. Mehandran Kandiah [2020] CLJU 234, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[157] An examination of the following passage in the case of Public Prosecutor v. Lam San (supra) will perhaps best illustrate the manner in which the evidence of the chemist is to be treated: "As to how a trial court should approach the evidence of a chemist, we wish to advert to the judgment of this court in Munusamy v. PP [1987] 1 MLJ 492 where in a passage at p 496F, Mohamed Azmi SCJ on behalf of the court put in focus the function of the chemist in a trial of this nature: We are therefore of the view, that in this type of cases where the opinion of the chemist is confined only to the elementary nature and identity of substance, the court is entitled to accept the opinion of the expert on its face value, unless it is inherently incredible or the defence calls evidence in rebuttal by another expert to contradict the opinion. So long as some credible evidence is given by the chemist to support his opinion, there is no necessity for him to go into details of what he did in the laboratory, step by step. Two things are implicit in that passage. First, unless the evidence is so inherently incredible that no reasonable person can believe it to be true, it should be accepted as prima facie evidence. Secondly, so long as the evidence is credible, there is no necessity for the chemist to show in detail what he did in his laboratory. In our view, the evidence of the chemist in this case was more than sufficient as basis to call for the defence, granted that all the other ingredients of the offence had been successfully proved. The evidence of the chemist must be looked at in its totality. Seen in its totality, the evidence of the chemist in this case is not sketchy at all. There is no need for him to say what instrument he used for the purpose of the analysis or that the instrument was in good working condition as we have to assume until the contrary is shown that he had the proper instrument to carry out his work. In this case he had even gone to the extent of giving a margin of error and had given the benefit of the doubt to the respondent." SP1 telah setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa pengiraan berat dadah harus mengambil kira ‘margin of error’ 5%. Walaupun SP1 setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa tidak ada apa-apa bukti yang boleh sangkal bahawa beliau telah mengambil kira ‘margin of error’ di dalam mencapai berat 30.54 gram, pada tahap pemeriksaan semula SP1 telah menjelaskan bahawa pengiraan terakhir yang beliau lapurkan dalam lapuran kimia (Ekshibit P16) telah mengambil kira ‘margin of error’ daripada setiap analisis. Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa pihak Pendakwaan telah berjaya membuktikan elemen kedua mengenai berat dadah seperti yang dibincangkan di dalam perenggan [11] bagi pertuduhan di dalam kes KA- 62D-482-10/2021 dan juga bagi kesemua pertuduhan yang lain. [14] Di dalam kes ini, pertuduhan adalah bahawa kesemua dadah dan racun dijumpai di dalam sebuah stor simpanan barang terpakai. SP4 yang merupakan kakak kepada OKT 1 telah memberi keterangan bahawa adik beradiknya telah berkongsi duit untuk membina stor tersebut dan kesemua mereka mempunyai akses ke stor tersebut. Stor itu juga tidak pernah dikunci dan sesiapa sahaja boleh mengakses stor tersebut. Stor tersebut digunakan untuk menyimpan barang yang tidak digunakan. Stor tersebut berdekatan dengan rumah arwah ayahnya yang didiami oleh OKT 1 dan Lee Chin Leong. Adalah jelas daripada keterangan SP4 bahawa stor tersebut boleh diakses oleh orang lain selain OKT 1 dan OKT 2. Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Abdullah Zawawi Yusoff v. Pendakwa Raya [1993] 4 CLJ 1, dimana Mahkamah Agung memutuskan seperti berikut: “The Judge was of the view that though the house was still under construction there was no evidence to show that there had been access to the house through the uncompleted part. With respect, given the fact that this was a case where the police were acting on a tip off undoubtedly by an informer, who might have been a paid informer, and the further fact that the house was still under construction, the onus was not on the defence to prove possibility of access by others but on the prosecution to exclude such possibility. Of course, the defence could besides taking advantage of infirmities in the prosecution case in this regard, have gone further, and shown the possibility of access by others, but this they were not, in Law, obliged to do.” Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Ng Mee Yee v. PP [2025] CLJU 469, dimana Mohd Nazlan Mohd Ghazali, JCA telah menyatakan seperti berikut: “Whether exclusive possession established [26] The principal grounds of appeal and much of the argument advanced by both the appellants pertain to the assertion that the High Court fell into the error of determining that the prosecution had shown that the appellants had not rebutted the presumption of possession of the drugs. The appellants however steadfastly maintained that they did not have possession of the same, in that they did not have exclusive custody and control over, let alone knowledge of the drugs found by the police in the space adjacent to the top shelf of the wardrobe in the Unit. [27] Thus, the crucial question, in the final analysis, on this element of possession is whether exclusive possession was correctly established by the learned trial judge. We were especially mindful that, as established by the Supreme Court in Abdullah Zawawi v. Yusoff v. PP [1993] 4 CLJ 1, the onus is not on the defence to prove possibility of access by others but on the prosecution to exclude such possibility, and the issue must be answered in favour of the appellants if there were more than one way in which the evidence adduced by the prosecution might be viewed.” Di dalam kes ini, saksi pihak Pendakwaan sendiri, iaitu SP4, telah memberi keterangan bahawa stor tersebut tidak dikunci dan ianya boleh diakses oleh orang lain selain daripada OKT 1 dan OKT 2. Selain daripada itu, pada tahap pemeriksaan balas, apabila dirujuk kepada rajah kasar (Ekshibit P22), Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3) setuju bahawa stor tersebut bersambung dengan sebuah tokong Tionghua dan stor tersebut adalah satu ‘extension’ daripada tokong tersebut. SP3 tidak pasti samada ada akses kepada tempat kejadian daripada Tokong tersebut. SP3 tidak siasat berkenaan isu ini. [15] Pihak pendakwaan telah berhujah bahawa anggapan dibawah seksyen 37 ADB 1952 terpakai. Seksyen itu memperuntukkan seperti berikut: “d) any person who is found to have had in his custody or under his control anything whatsoever containing any dangerous drug shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been in possession of such drug and shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have known the nature of such drug;” Di dalam kes Ng Mee Yee v. PP (supra), Mahkamah Rayuan telah memutuskan seperti berikut: [29] In Ibrahim Mohamad & Anor v. PP [2011] 4 CLJ 113 the Federal Court clearly held that having only custody or control over the drugs is insufficient to establish possession. The physical act or custody must be accompanied with evidence of knowledge. This again underscores the need to show the presence of mental element before possession can be proved. The Federal Court held:- "The law is well settled that having only custody or control over the said drugs is insufficient to establish 'possession'. The physical act or custody must be accompanied with evidence that the accused had knowledge of the said drugs. In the absence of any statutory presumption, knowledge has to be proved either by direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Mere knowledge alone without exclusivity of either physical custody or control or both is insufficient in law to constitute possession, let alone trafficking." Di dalam kes Toh Ah Lok & Mak Thiam v. Rex [1948] 1 LNS 72, telah dinyatakan: “Possession, in order to incriminate a person, must have the following characteristics. The possessor must know the nature of the thing possessed, must have in him a power of disposal over the thing, and lastly must be conscious of his possession of the thing. If these factors are absent, his possession can raise no presumption of mens rea, without which (except by statute) possession cannot be criminal. It was necessary therefore to put these factors before the jury. It was essential to direct the jury that before they could convict the accused of being in “unlawful possession”, they must be satisfied that he knew the boxes contained ammunition. Such knowledge was of the essence of the offence, the person committing the act is not criminally responsible if he had no mens rea and the act was ordered or procured by another person-but the person who ordered or procured the act is criminally responsible.” Di dalam kes PP v. Muhammad Zulfakar Abdullah [2022] CLJU 1907, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: [19] Turning my attention now to the 2nd ingredient. Possession is not defined in the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. However, it has been defined in numerous cases since. In PP v. Mohd Radzi Bakar [2006] 1 CLJ 457, it was held that in order to establish possession, it must have the following characteristic namely: i. The possessor must know the nature of the thing possessed; ii. The possessor must have in him a power of disposal over the thing; and iii. The possessor must be conscious of his possession of the thing. [20] In Chan Pean Leon v. PP [1956] CLJU 17; [1956] 1 LNS 17; [1956] 1 MLJ, it was held that before "possession" is made out, there must exist the physical element and the mental element. In the words of Thomson J: "the accused must not only be so situated that he can deal with the thing as if it belonged to him, for example have it in his pocket or have it lying in front of him on a table. It must also be shown that he had the intention of dealing with it as if it belonged to him should he see any occasion to do so, in other words, he had some animus possidendi." [21] Thus, not only must the prosecution prove the factum of physical control but also that they had knowledge as to the nature of the drugs. See Lim Hock Boon v. PP [2007] 4 CLJ 114; [2007] 1 MLJ 46. The physical element is demonstrated by exclusive dominion and control over the subject property such that the person in possession is able solely to do as he/she pleases with that property. The mental element or mens rea is denoted by conscious knowledge of the existence and nature of the subject property. The mental element in a crime must, in the absence of an admission by the Accused, be established through circumstantial evidence from which admissible inferences may be drawn. The essence of circumstantial evidence is not the effect of the individual strands of evidence but the combined effect of all the circumstances when taken together. See Chan Chwen Kong v. PP [1962] CLJU 22; [1962] 1 LNS 22; [1962] MLJ 307. [22] The element of conscious knowledge and existence of the subject property is often not easily established by direct nor through circumstantial evidence. Therefore, in matters falling within the Act, the law supports the determination of this issue by allowing for reliance in the form of a rebutted presumption in s. 37(d) of the Act.” Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes PP v. Hong Ho Aik [2008] 10 CLJ 393, dimana Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[17] It is elementary that the prosecution had to prove not only physical possession but also the mens rea possession. The authorities on this point are legion. In Toh Ah Loh & Anor v. Rex [1948] CLJU 72; [1948] 1 LNS 72; [1949] MLJ 54, Gordon Smith, Acting CJ defined possession as follows:- Possession, in order to incriminate a person, must have the following characteristics. The possessor must know the nature of the thing possessed, and must have in him a power of disposal over the thing, and lastly must be conscious of his possession of the thing. [18] In Saad Ibrahim v. Public Prosecutor [1967] CLJU 154; [1967] 1 LNS 154, Yong J stressed the necessity of establishing the ingredient of knowledge on the part of an accused before he could be incriminated with possession. His Lordship there said:- In my opinion mere possession is one thing and possession with mens rea is another. Possession which incriminates must have certain characteristics. The possessor must be aware of his possession, must know the nature of the thing possessed and must have the power of disposal over it. Without these characteristics possession raises no presumption of mens rea. Without mens rea possession cannot be criminal except in certain cases created by statue, which is not applicable in this case. (See also PP v. Abd. Latif Sakimin [2005] CLJU 265; [2005] 1 LNS 265; [2005] 6 MLJ 351 and PP v. Kang Ho Soh [1991] 3 CLJ 2914; [1991] 3 CLJ (Rep) 557). Pihak pendakwaan perlu membuktikan bahawa OKT 1 dan OKT 2 sedar tentang kehadiran dadah dan racun berkenaan, tahu mengenai jenis dan racun tersebut dan m e r e k a mempunyai kuasa untuk melupuskan dadah dan racun yang dikatakan berada dalam kawalan mereka untuk menimbulkan anggapan bahawa OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai pemilikan ‘mens rea’. Di dalam kes ini, Mahkamah berpendapat anggapan ini gagal dibuktikan. Selain daripada keterangan bahawa barang kes ditemui di atas meja di dalam stor tersebut dan kedua-dua OKT sedang duduk di atas kerusi menghadap ke arah dinding stor, berdekatan dengan meja dimana kesemua barang kes ditemui, langsung tiada apa-apa keterangan bahawa OKT 1 dan OKT 2 mempunyai kuasa untuk melupuskan dadah dan racun yang dikatakan berada dalam pemilikan atau kawalan mereka. Tiada apa-apa bukti cap jari atau DNA dilakukan keatas kedua-dua OKT dan barang-barang yang dirampas. Pihak Pembelaan telah mengemukakan pembelaan bahawa OKT 1 dan OKT 2 ditangkap di luar stor dan telah dibawa masuk ke dalam stor selepas itu. Mereka menafikan barang kes kepunyaan mereka. Pihak pembelaan juga telah mengemukakan versi mereka mengenai kamera dan juga CCTV di tempat kejadian yang telah dirosakkan oleh anggota serbuan. OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah menunjukkan di dalam gambar Ekshibit P20 dan P21 tempat dimana terletaknya kamera CCTV, ‘box’ CCTV, mouse dan wayar. Pada tahap pemeriksaan balas, SP3 telah setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa ada kemungkinan wujudnya CCTV di dalam stor tersebut. [16] Selain daripada elemen pemilikan atau kawalan, pihak Pendakwaan juga perlu membuktikan elemen pengetahuan. Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Low Thiam Teck v. Pendakwa Raya [2014] 1 LNS 1104 di muka surat 16 dimana Mahkamah Rayuan memutuskan bahawa: “[24] On the issue of proximity to the drugs, we agreed with learned counsel that physical proximity to the drugs per se is insufficient to prove possession without proof of knowledge. Except for the evidence of proximity, there was nothing in the conduct of either the appellant or the 2nd accused at the time of their arrest upon which a prima facie inference could be made that the appellant or both of them had knowledge of the drugs. At the highest, the evidence merely showed that perhaps the appellant had some momentary custody of the bags together with the 2nd accused. In such circumstances there was no possession (per Lord Morris in Warner v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 All ER 356).” Di dalam kes ini, sekiranya benar kedua-dua OKT mempunyai ‘momentary custody’ terhadap barang kes seperti yang dibincangkan di dalam kes Low Thiam Teck v. Pendakwa Raya (supra) di atas, pihak Pendakwaan masih gagal untuk membuktikan elemen pengetahuan seperti yang dibincangkan di dalam kes Ng Mee Yee v. PP (supra), [17] Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3) telah memberi keterangan bahawa beliau tidak menjalankan sebarang ujian cap jari atau DNA terhadap paket plastik dadah dan racun yang dijumpai untuk mengaitkan OKT 1 dan OKT 2 kepada dadah dan racun tersebut. Ini adalah kerana beliau telah dimaklumkan oleh SP2 bahawa barang kes telah disentuh secara fizikal oleh SP2 semasa beliau letakkan tandatangan, oleh itu, untuk kesan cap jari, dia akan merosakkan cap jari yang asal daripada barang kes. Pada tahap pemeriksaan balas terhadap Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3), beliau telah setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa tidak ada sebarang keterangan saintifik yang boleh kaitkan barang-barang dadah yang dikemukakan di mahkamah ini dalam kes ini dengan kedua-dua tertuduh ini. Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Rayuan Tan Chun Cheng v. PP & Another Appeal [2020] MLRAU 156 di mana Vazeer Alam, JCA menyatakan kepentingan untuk menjalankan analisa cap jari dan DNA: - “[32] Fingerprint analysis and/or DNA matching are vital investigative tools that the police could have utilised to establish control, custody and knowledge of the drugs by accused persons and to also rule out possession by others. In this regard, it would be apposite to refer to the observation of the Federal Court in Chan King Yu v. Public Prosecutor [2008] 2 MLRA 695; [2009] 1 MLJ 457; [2009] 1 CLJ 601; [2006] 5 AMR 297, where the court held as follows: The plastic bag with its content that was recovered from the dustbin where the appellant had allegedly thrown it was not sent to the fingerprint department for analysis at all. Despite this the trial judge and the judges of the Court of Appeal never once considered the failure of the police to send this vital piece of the evidence for fingerprint analysis.... [33] Similarly, Zainun Ali J (as she then was) in PP v. Mok Kar Poh [2000] 4 MLRH 209; [2001] 5 CLJ 206; [2001] 1 AMR 1201 made the following observation: Next comes the question of the fingerprints of the accused. It is the defence's contention that the failure of the prosecution to dust the six packages for fingerprints and the failure to take hand swaps or nail clippings from the accused to show whether there are traces of drugs on his hands, would be to their detriment, since it does not show any link between the accused and the drugs. Possession is also not to be inferred in the absence of this nexus. Although this court concedes that the above methods in some situations are merely procedural, it would be a wise prosecution which would do all things necessary to bring home the charge. It is almost careless and capricious to say that since the accused was arrested on the spot and his identity is known, what good would taking fingerprints and nail clippings do? It is this court's view that it would be prudent for the prosecution not to be oblivious to the obvious methods required to close the gap. Thus it is clear from the facts and surrounding circumstances, that the question of custody and control and by necessary implication, possession which is in nature, is not made out by the prosecution. Since knowledge is a vital element to impute possession and in the absence of any evidence of actual knowledge, it therefore cannot be said with conviction that the circumstances clearly and irresistibly point to the fact that the accused had knowledge of the said drugs.” Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa pihak Pendakwaan gagal membuktikan elemen ketiga dan keempat seperti yang dibincangkan di dalam perenggan [11]. [18] Versi pihak Pembelaan adalah bahawa kedua-dua mereka ditangkap di di luar stor tersebut dan dadah dan pil bukan kepunyaan mereka. Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa versi mereka boleh disokong dengan rakaman CCTV di tempat kejadian tetapi pihak polis telah merosakkan CCTV tersebut apabila melakukan penggeledahan di tempat kejadian. SP3 setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa terdapat satu monitor dekat dengan tingkap di dalam gambar Ekshibit P20E. SP3 juga setuju bahawa terdapat mouse di atas meja di dalam gambar Ekshibt P20F tetapi tiada sebarang keyboard. SP3 tidak setuju dengan cadangan peguambela bahawa di dalam stor tersebut ada satu recorder CCTV yang gunakan mouse tersebut dan recorder CCTV tersebut telah dirampas oleh SP2 atau SP3. OKT 1 telah menandakan lokasi CCTV dan kamera di dalam gambar Ekshibit P20 dan P21. OKT 2 telah memberi keterangan bahawa terdapat CCTV di atas pokok di luar stor dan satu lagi CCTV berdekatan dengan stor. Semasa beliau berada di dalam stor, beliau telah nampak monitor dan dalam monitor itu CCTV sedang berjalan. Pegawai Penyiasat (SP3) juga gagal untuk menyiasat rakaman CCTV yang mungkin boleh menunjukkan apa yang berlaku pada hari kejadian. SP3 di dalam keterangannya mengaku ada kemungkinan wujudnya CCTV di dalam stor tersebut namun SP3 gagal untuk menjalankan siasatan samada SP2 telah mengusik rakaman CCTV tersebut. SP3 setuju bahawa beliau hanya menerima keterangan SP2 sahaja tanpa mengambil kira keterangan OKT 1 dan OKT 2. Mahkamah mendapati bahawa SP3 tidak menyiasat versi OKT 1 dan OKT 2. Di dalam kes Rahmani Ali Mohamad v. PP [2014] 7 CLJ 405, Mahkamah Rayuan telah menyatakan seperti berikut: “…. Even more, no investigation at all was carried out by PW8 to disprove the appellant’s version of fact, particularly concerning Mohd Reza, which was given by the appellant at the earliest possible opportunity. In this regard, PW8 said that he did not investigate the appellant's handphone because “saya terlepas pandang”. PW8 also said, “saya tak periksa rekod-rekod panggilan keluar masuk OKT 2. Jika disiasat mungkin boleh dapat maklumat lanjut”. The appellant cannot be penalised for lack of ingenuity, negligence or inadvertence on the part of the investigator depriving him of the time honoured benefit of doubt (see: Pang Chee Meng v. PP [1992] 1 CLJ 39; [1992] 1 CLJ (Rep) 265; [1992] 1 MLJ 137). The manner in which PW8 had conducted his investigations left many stones unturned and material gaps exists. Based on this omission, an inference in the appellant’s favour ought therefore to have been drawn by learned High Court Judge at the close of the prosecution case (see: Lee Kwan Woh v. PP [2009] 5 CLJ 631 and Alcontara Ambross Anthony v. Public Prosecutor [1996] 1 CLJ 705; [1996] 1 MLJ 209). In our judgment, the appellant’s right to a fair trial has been compromised as a result of the failure of PW8 to carry out investigation to verify the appellant’s version of fact. The appellant may thereby have lost a chance which was fairly opened to him of being acquitted and that there had been occasioned a failure or a miscarriage of justice (see: Mraz v. The Queen [1955] 93 CLR 493 quoted with approval in Lim Hock Boon v. PP [2007] 4 CLJ 114; [2007] 1 MLJ 46). Di dalam kes Tai Chai Keh v. Public Prosecutor [1948] Supp MLJ 105, Mahkamah telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “Evidence that the accused person has pointed out objects or places to the police, …. Where there is more than one inference which can reasonably be drawn from a set of facts in a criminal case, we are of opinion that the inference most favourable to the accused should be adopted.” [19] OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah dituduh dibawah Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan iaitu dengan mempunyai niat bersama untuk memiliki dadah tersebut. Di dalam kes Wan Yurillhami Wan Yaacob & Anor v. PP [2009] 2 MLRA 711 Mahkamah Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa:- “It is a well established principle of law in dealing with the criminal liability under s. 34 of the Penal Code that a pre-concert or pre-planning may develop on the spot or during the course of the commission of the offence, but the crucial test is that such plan must precede the act constituting the offence.” Di dalam kes PP v. Ghazali Jaafar & satu lagi [2024] CLJU 2016, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[53] Seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan memperuntukkan - "Apabila suatu perbuatan jenayah dilakukan oleh beberapa orang bagi mencapai niat bersama mereka semuanya, tiap-tiap seorang daripada mereka itu adalah bertanggung atas perbuatan itu sama seperti seolah-olah perbuatan itu telah dilakukan olehnya seorang." [54] Peruntukan ini telah dibincangkan dalam kes Ghazalee Kassim & Ors v. PP [2009] 4 CLJ 737, di mana Zaki Tun Azmi KHN memutuskan di 746 - "Section 34 of the Penal Code is invoked by the prosecution in order to prove that although an accused did not directly commit the criminal act, he was involved in a series of other acts with the others to show that he had the common intention of committing that criminal act with the others. The accused need not be present together with the others who had committed the actual criminal act. It is sufficient that he participated jointly with the others. It must however be shown that there was a prior arranged plan with the others. In other words, all those who are charged pursuant to s. 34 of the Penal Code, must have the common intention to commit the offence charged." Di dalam kes ini, versi OKT 2 adalah bahawa beliau datang ke rumah OKT 1 untuk melepak dan beliau telah ditahan oleh pihak polis semasa beliau berada di pintu keluar. Versi pihak Pendakwaan pula adalah bahawa mereka telah memerhati stor tersebut selama lima (5) minit sebelum memasuki stor tersebut dan menahan kedua-dua OKT. Tiada apa-apa keterangan yang dikemukakan oleh pihak Pendakwaan bahawa terdapat rancangan yang telah diatur terlebih dahulu oleh OKT 1 dan OKT 2 diantara mereka. Dalam erti kata lain, OKT 1 dan OKT 2 yang dituduh bersama menurut seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan, mesti mempunyai niat bersama umtuk melakukan kesalahan yang didakwa. Mahkamah berpendapat elemen niat bersama gagal dibuktikan oleh pihak Pendakwaan. Alasan [20] Di akhir kes pembelaan, Mahkamah perlu mempertimbangkan semua keterangan yang telah dikemukakan dan perlu memutuskan sama ada pihak pendakwaan telah berjaya membuktikan kes melampaui keraguan munasabah seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam Seksyen 182A Kanun Tatacara Jenayah. Di dalam kes Balachandran v. PP [2005] 2 MLJ 301, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “Proof beyond reasonable doubt involves two aspects. While one is the legal burden on the prosecution to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt the other is the evidential burden on the accused to raise a reasonable doubt. Both these burdens can only be fully discharged at the end of the whole case when the defense has closed its case. Therefore a case can be said to have been proved beyond reasonable doubt at the conclusion of the trial upon a consideration of all the evidence adduced as [provided by s 182 A (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That would normally be the position where the accused has given evidence. However, where the accused remains silent there will be no necessity to re-evaluate the evidence in order to determine whether there is a reasonable doubt in the absence of any further evidence for such a consideration. The prima facie evidence which was capable of supporting a conviction beyond reasonable doubt will constitute proof beyond reasonable doubt.” Dalam kes PP v. Mohd Amin b. Mohd Razali & Ors [2002] 2 MLJ 406, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah menjelaskan tentang maksud seksyen 182A Kanun Tatacara Jenayah: “It is clear that at the end of the trial, the court will have to weigh all the evidence that had been adduced and to make a ruling whether the prosecution has proved its case beyond reasonable doubt or otherwise. Having weighed the evidence if the court is satisfied that the prosecution has proved the charge beyond reasonable doubt, the court will have to find theaccused guilty of the charge and thereafter convict him. On the other hand, if the court rules that the prosecution has not proved the charge on the evidence adduced against the accused, then the accused will be acquitted and discharged. In other words, at the end of the trial court will have to rule whether the defence has raised a reasonable doubt as to the truth of the prosecution’s case or the guilt of the accused. This is because a case which has been proved beyond reasonable doubt in itself involves the absence of a reasonable doubt.” Oleh yang demikian, Mahkamah perlu memutuskan sama ada pembelaan yang dikemukakan oleh OKT 1 dan OKT 2 telah berjaya menimbulkan keraguan yang munasabah terhadap kes pendakwaan. [21] Di dalam kes Sia Soon Suan v. PP (1966) MLJ ms 116 telah diputuskan seperti berikut (dengan izin): “The requirements of strict proof in a criminal case cannot be relaxed to bridge any material gap in the prosecution evidence. Irrespective of whether the court is otherwise convinced in its own mind of the guilt or innocence of an accused, its decision must be based on the evidence adduced and nothing else and therefore the appeal must be allowed and the conviction quashed. ” Merujuk kepada isu dan pendapat seperti yang dibincangkan di atas, Mahkamah mendapati pihak Pembelaan telah berjaya untuk menimbulkan keraguan munasabah terhadap kes Pendakwaan dan pihak Pendakwaan telah gagal untuk membuktikan kes tanpa keraguan munasabah terhadap OKT 1 dan OKT 2 ke atas kesemua pertuduhan. Oleh yang demikian, Mahkamah berpendapat pelepasan dan pembebasan ini adalah wajar dan patut. Bertarikh pada 17 April 2025 (PRISCILLA HEMAMALINI NADARAJAN) HAKIM MAHKAMAH SESYEN JENAYAH (2) ALOR SETAR KEDAH
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