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DALAM MAHKAMAH MAJISTRET DI KOTA TINGGI DALAM NEGERI JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM, MALAYSIA
JH-A73KJ-73-10/2023
Magistrates Court of Malaysia26 Sept 2025
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“ngan 1950 ini, Mahkamah ini telah merujuk kepada kes TENAGA NASIONAL BHD V. PERWAJA STEEL SDN BHD [1995] 4 MLJ 673, di mana Hakim Low Hop Bing menyatakan seperti berikut: “Under section 101(1) of the Evidence Act 1950, whoever desires the court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the exist”
“30. Pemahaman ini adalah berdasarkan kes ABDUL WAFFIY BIN WAHUBBI & ANOR VAK NAZARUDDIN BIN AHMAD [2017] MLJU 761 di mana Mahkamah Tinggi menyatakan seperti berikut: “I would also venture to say that it is the duty of counsel on both sides to guide the court to make an award which falls within the range as provi”
“y doing so, I find that SC has committed an error of law (1st Legal Error). The reasons for the 1st Legal Error have been explained in Lim Jeh Haur v. Nicholas Thomas Philip & Anor [2019] 1 LNS 1351; [2019] MLRHU 1023, at [22] to [25], as follows: E. Should court attach any weight to IO's opinion? [22] The Defendant ha”
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DALAM MAHKAMAH MAJISTRET DI KOTA TINGGI DALAM NEGERI JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM, MALAYSIA
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NUR IZWANI BINTI MUHAMAD @ MUSTAFA
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AALIESHA BINTI YUNI SYAHRIZAL
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AALIEYAH BINTI YUNI SYAHRIZAL (NO. K/P: 210726-01-1194) …PLAINTIF-PLAINTIF
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DAN MOHD ROS BIN SARMAN
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MOHAMAD RAFIQI BIN ROSLAN (NO. K/P: 960722-01-617) …DEFENDAN-DEFENDAN S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg PENGHAKIMAN Setelah meneliti keterangan saksi-saksi, pliding dan dokumen yang difailkan serta hujahan-hujahan pihak-pihak di dalam kes JH-A73KJ-73-10/2023 tahun 2023, Mahkamah ini memutuskan seperti berikut: Defendan-Defendan menanggung 100% liabiliti dan Plaintif-Plaintif. Kes telah ditetapkan untuk keputusan pada hari ini dan setelah meneliti hujahan-hujahan kedua-dua pihak maka adalah dihakimi bahawa Defendan-Defendan hendaklah membayar kepada Plaintif-Plaintif gantirugi am dan gantirugi khas (atas 100% liabiliti) seperti berikut:
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Gantirugi Am
a
Closed Fracture Right Neck of Femur = RM 40, 000.00
b
Operative Scar = RM 4,000.00 c) Muscle Wasting = RM 4,000.00 Jumlah keseluruhan gantirugi am adalah sebanyak RM48,000.00
2
Gantirugi Khas a) Laporan polis, rajah kasar, kekunci, gambar-gambar dan Keputusan siasatan kes = RM 40.00 b) Kos carian JPJ = RM 10.00 c) Kos Pembaikian Komputer Riba = RM 800.00 d) Laporan perubatan HSA = RM 40.00 e) Laporan Perubatan Pakar Century Orthopedic Specialist Clinic = RM
980
980.00 f) Kos rawatan susulan Fisioterapi - RM 150 per sesi sebanyak max 30 sesi = RM4,500.00 g) Kos Ubat Tahan Sakit-Tramadol (10 tablet RM 12) = RM 32.00 S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg Jumlah keseluruhan gantirugi khas adalah sebanyak RM6,402.00.
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Gantirugi am bagi Plaintif Ketiga yang dibenarkan: - a) Soft Tissue Injury = RM3,000.00 Jumlah adalah sebanyak RM3,000.00.
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Gantirugi khas bagi Plaintif Ketiga yang dibenarkan: - a) Laporan Perubatan dari Hospital Kulai = RM40.00 Jumlah adalah sebanyak RM40.00. Dan seterusnya adalah dihakimi bahawa selepas mengambil kira isu liabiliti, Defendan-Defendan dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama gantirugi am sebanyak RM48,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM6,402.00 manakala dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Ketiga gantirugi am sebanyak RM3,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM40.00. Dan seterusnya Defendan-Defendan dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama dan Ketiga faedah 2.5% setahun ke atas gantirugi khas dari tarikh kemalangan sehingga tarikh penghakiman. Dan seterusnya Defendan-Defendan dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama dan Ketiga faedah 5% setahun ke atas gantirugi am dari tarikh penyampaian writ saman sehingga tarikh penghakiman. Dan selanjutnya adalah dihakimi Defendan-membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama dan Ketiga faedah pada kadar 5% setahun ke atas keseluruhan jumlah penghakiman dari tarikh penghakiman sehingga tarikh penyelesaian penuh. Seterusnya jumlah penghakiman yang akan dibayar kepada Plaintif-Plaintif itu hendaklah dibayar ke atas akaun pelanggan Tetuan Ridzuan Awang & Co. S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg
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LATAR BELAKANG KES Plaintif-Plaintif telah membawa tuntutan gantirugi terhadap Defendan-Defendan akibat kemalangan jalanraya yang berlaku pada 6 November 2022 di antara motokar No. NBE 2028 yang dipandu oleh Plaintif Pertama dan motokar No. JSM 7427 yang dipandu oleh Defendan Pertama.
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Plaintif-Plaintif menghujahkan bahawa pada hari kejadian jam lebih kurang 7.30 pagi semasa Plaintif Pertama bersama anaknya Aaliesha binti Yuni Syahrizal dan Aalieyah binti Yuni Syahrizal dari Bandar Tenggara hendak ke tempat kerja di Taska Kemas Felda Sungai Sayong. Apabila sampai di kilometre 14.5 Jalan Sayong Bandar Tenggara, Simpang Felda Sungai Sayong, sebuah motokar jenis Perodua Myvi (no. pendaftaran JSM 7427) dari arah bertentangan secara tiba-tiba telah membelok ke kanan sehingga menyebabkan motokar yang dipandu oleh Plaintif Pertama dilanggar. Plaintif Pertama telah cuba untuk mengelak ke kiri namun motokar yang dipandu Defendan Pertama tetap melanggar motokar Plaintif Pertama bahagian sebelah kanan. Plaintif Pertama telah mengalami kecederaan yang serius akibat daripada kecuaian Defendan Pertama.
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Saksi-saksi yang telah memberikan keterangan dalam kedua-dua kes ini adalah sebanyak 2 orang iaitu: i. Sjn Najmi Muhaimin Bin Musa-Penolong Pegawai Penyiasat (SP1) ii. Nur Izwani Binti Muhamad @ Mustafa - Plaintif Pertama (SP2)
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KEPUTUSAN MAHKAMAH ATAS ISU LIABILITI Setelah mendengar dan menilai keterangan saksi-saksi, meneliti ekshibit-ekshibit yang dikemukakan dan menimbang penghujahan kesemua pihak, Mahkamah memutuskan bahawa, di atas imbangan kebarangkalian, Mahkamah ini memutuskan seperti berikut: S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg Defendan-Defendan menanggung 100% liabiliti terhadap Plaintif-Plaintif.
5
Rayuan ini adalah rayuan oleh pihak Perayu-Perayu iaitu Plaintif-Plaintif yang tidak berpuas hati terhadap keputusan Mahkamah ini bahawa Defendan-Defendan dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama gantirugi am sebanyak RM48,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM6,402.00 manakala dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Ketiga gantirugi am sebanyak RM3,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM40.00.
6
Beban Pembuktian Adalah menjadi prinsip undang-undang yang mantap (‘trite law’) bahawa beban pembuktian dalam sesuatu kes sivil terletak di bahu Plaintif-Plaintif untuk membuktikan tuntutan mereka atas imbangan kebarangkalian. Prinsip ini turut diaplikasikan dengan jelas dalam kes-kes sivil melibatkan kemalangan, di mana beban untuk membuktikan kewujudan kecuaian di pihak Defendan-Defendan sentiasa terletak pada Plaintif-Plaintif. Adalah bukan menjadi kewajipan Defendan-Defendan untuk membuktikan bahawa mereka tidak cuai.
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Beban pembuktian ini juga diperuntukkan dengan jelas di bawah Seksyen 101 Akta Keterangan 1950 seperti berikut: “101. (1) Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist.
2
When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person.” S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg
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Selanjutnya, Seksyen 102 Akta Keterangan 1950 turut memperuntukkan seperti berikut: “102. The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side.”
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Untuk maksud yang lebih jelas bagi peruntukan Seksyen 101 Akta Keterangan 1950 ini, Mahkamah ini telah merujuk kepada kes TENAGA NASIONAL BHD V. PERWAJA STEEL SDN BHD [1995] 4 MLJ 673, di mana Hakim Low Hop Bing menyatakan seperti berikut: “Under section 101(1) of the Evidence Act 1950, whoever desires the court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. In other words, the plaintiff must prove such facts as the plaintiff desires the court to give judgment as to its right to claim against the defendant or the defendant's liability to pay the plaintiff. The burden of proof is on the plaintiff: s. 101(2). In order to succeed here, the plaintiff must prove its claim affirmatively.”
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Sebagai tambahan, Mahkamah ini turut merujuk kes MOHD YUSOF BIN MOHD RAKIM & ANOR VS SHANTA A/P PERIASAMY & ANOR [2006] 5 MLJ 251 at 257, di mana Hakim VT Singham telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “It is important to be reminded that there is no duty on the part of the first defendant in the instant appeal to prove that he is not negligent for the accident until the plaintiffs have established negligence against the first defendant which the plaintiffs have failed”
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Berdasarkan peruntukan seksyen-seksyen berkenaan serta nas-nas perundangan yang dirujuk, beban pembuktian terletak sepenuhnya di bahu S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg Plaintif-Plaintif dan tidak pernah berpindah kepada Defendan-Defendan. Oleh itu, menjadi tanggungjawab Plaintif-Plaintif untuk membuktikan kes mereka.
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Sehubungan itu, dalam menentukan isu liabiliti bagi kedua-dua tindakan ini, Mahkamah hendaklah terlebih dahulu menilai sama ada Plaintif-Plaintif telah berjaya membuktikan kewujudan kecuaian di pihak Defendan-Defendan berhubung kemalangan tersebut. Hanya setelah unsur kecuaian dibuktikan terhadap Defendan-Defendan, barulah Mahkamah dapat menentukan sama ada Defendan-Defendan menanggung liabiliti 100% dalam kes ini.
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Isu Liabiliti Mahkamah ini telah meneliti keterangan-keterangan dalam kes ini terutamanya keterangan SP1 iaitu Pegawai Penyiasat. SP1 memberikan keterangan bahawa kemalangan yang berlaku melibatkan 2 motokar iaitu no. NBE 20282 dan no. JSM 7427. Laporan Polis Trafik Kota Tinggi/004279/22 (P3) juga telah dibuat oleh pemandu motokar no. NBE 20282 iaitu Plaintif Pertama.
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Selanjutnya, berdasarkan siasatan SP1, suatu Rajah Kasar (P1A) dan Kunci (P1K) telah dilakarkan mengenai kemalangan tersebut di mana motokar Plaintif Pertama no. NBE 2028 adalah dari arah atas ke bawah manakala arah motokar Defendan Pertama no. JSM 7427 adalah dari bawah ke atas membelok ke kanan. Siasatan SP1 juga menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua kenderaan telah mengalami kerosakan.
15
Keterangan SP1 juga menyatakan bahawa kenderaan yang telah disaman adalah Defendan Pertama sebagai pemandu motokar no. JSM 7427 di bawah Kaedah 3(2) (B) LN 166/59 sebagaimana dalam ekshibit P4 iaitu Keputusan Penyiasatan Kes.
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Mahkamah ini telah merujuk kepada kes TEO BEE LENG V. MOHD FARHAN AZIZAN ADNAN [2020] 1 LNS 612, dalam mempertimbangkan keterangan SP1 iaitu setakat mana skop keterangan Pegawai Penyiasat harus diambil kira oleh Mahkamah yang telah diputuskan seperti berikut: “D. Whether SC could consider SP1's (investigation Officer) Opinion [17] It is clear from paragraphs 15 and 39 of the GOJ that the learned SCJ had taken into account SP1's Opinion. Even if SP1 is a credible witness, the SC should not have considered SP1's Opinion in This Action. By doing so, I find that SC has committed an error of law (1st Legal Error). The reasons for the 1st Legal Error have been explained in Lim Jeh Haur v. Nicholas Thomas Philip & Anor [2019] 1 LNS 1351; [2019] MLRHU 1023, at [22] to [25], as follows: E. Should court attach any weight to IO's opinion? [22] The Defendant has relied on the opinion evidence of the 2 IO's that the Defendant was not at fault regarding the Incident because the 1st Plaintiff had come out from the left side of the Defendant and had crossed onto the Defendant's right of way. [23] Firstly, a police officer investigating a road accident may give evidence regarding the result of his or her investigation, such as (which are not exhaustive) -
1
the nature and extent of the damage to the vehicles in question;
2
the results of an examination of the scene of accident, e.g. –
a
whether there were skid marks on the road;
b
whether the traffic lights and/or street lights were functioning at the material time; and
c
whether there were traffic signs at the scene of the accident; and
3
a sketch plan of the place of the accident. [24] The court should not attach any weight to the evidence of an IO that a particular party has been negligent or not (or words to that effect) because -
1
whether a party is liable for negligence or otherwise is to be decided by the court;
2
an IO has no personal knowledge regarding the accident. The IO's knowledge of the accident is derived solely from the results of the IO's investigation. In other words, the IO's evidence regarding who is negligent or not, constitutes hearsay evidence. I rely on the following judgment of Ong Hock Thye Ag CJ (Malaya) (sitting as a High Court Judge) in Public Prosecutor v. Siew Sung [1966] 1 MLJ 145, at 145, as follows - "The inspector's evidence that his enquiries led him to believe that the accused was owner of the machine, was rightly struck out as hearsay, upon objection raised by defence counsel. " (emphasis added); and
3
an IO's evidence regarding who is negligent or otherwise, is purely his or her opinion. The court cannot accept opinion evidence unless there is a relevant issue before the court which is beyond the court's competence wherein the court may accept an expert opinion under s. 45(1) EA. Section 45(1) EA provides as follows - "Opinions of experts S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg 45(1) When the court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law or of science or art, or as to identity or genuineness of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in that foreign law, science or art, or in questions as to identity or genuineness of handwriting or finger impressions, are relevant facts." (emphasis added). [25] As explained in the above paragraph 24, no weight should be attached to the opinion evidence of the 2 IO's that the Defendant was not at fault regarding the Incident. " (emphasis added).”
17
Mahkamah ini juga turut merujuk kepada kes LILIES SURAYA ABDUL LATIB & ORS V. KHAIRUL SABRI & ORS [2019] 1 LNS 2099 di mana Mahkamah memutuskan seperti berikut: “The court should not attach any weight to the evidence of an IO that a particular party has been negligent or not (or words to that effect) because -
1
whether a party is liable for negligence or otherwise is to be decided by the court; 2) an IO has no personal knowledge regarding the accident. The IO's knowledge of the accident is derived solely from the results of the IO's investigation. In other words, the IO's evidence regarding who is negligent or not, constitutes hearsay evidence. I rely on the following judgment of Ong Hock Thye Ag CJ (Malaya) (sitting as a High Court Judge) in Public Prosecutor v. Siew Sung [1999] 2 CLJ 151; [1966] 1 MLJ 145, at 145, as follows - S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg "The inspector's evidence that his enquiries led him to believe that the accused was owner of the machine, was rightly struck out as hearsay, upon objection raised by defence counsel. " (emphasis added); and
3
an IO's evidence regarding who is negligent or otherwise, is purely his or her opinion. The court cannot accept opinion evidence unless there is a relevant issue before the court which is beyond the court's competence wherein the court may accept an expert opinion under s. 45(1) EA.”
18
Berdasarkan kes yang dirujuk di atas, Mahkamah berpandangan bahawa Mahkamah ini boleh menerima keterangan SP1 sebagai Pegawai Penyiasat mengenai kemalangan yang telah berlaku namun tidak melibatkan isu keterangan kecuaian pihak-pihak memandangkan SP1 hanya bertindak untuk menyiasat kemalangan dan tidak berada di tempat kejadian sewaktu ia berlaku.
19
Mahkamah Rayuan di dalam kes SITI ATHIRAH MOHD SAPUAN V. RAZANATUL AIN HASSAN & ANOR [2015] 6 CLJ 295 memutuskan bahawa: “The claim, being a claim for the tort of negligence, the appropriate approach to be taken by the SCJ, first and foremost, was to make a finding of mixed fact and law whether or not the first defendant had breached her legal duty of care towards the plaintiff. Only once negligence has been established against the first defendant should the SCJ proceed to determine contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.”
20
Keterangan SP2 yang menyatakan bahawa kemalangan telah diakibatkan oleh kecuaian Defendan Pertama dalam memandu motokar JSM 7427. Keterangan SP2 telah membantu Mahkamah ini memutuskan bahawa kemalangan adalah berpunca daripada Defendan Pertama yang mana Plaintif Pertama pada masa material berada di jalannya yang sah manakala Defendan Pertama yang telah cuai dalam memasuki simpang sehingga menyebabkan kemalangan.
21
Berdasarkan keterangan SP2 yang disokong oleh keterangan SP1 dan ekshibit-ekshibit, Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa kemalangan berlaku berikutan motokar Defendan Pertama telah membelok ke kanan secara tiba-tiba sehingga melanggar motokar Plaintif Pertama di bahagian sebelah kanan dan telah menyebabkan Plaintif-Plaintif mengalami kecederaan.
22
Oleh yang demikian, beban pembuktian telah dilepaskan oleh pihak Plaintif-Plaintif dan pembuktian seterusnya telah berpindah dan beralih kepada pihak Defendan-Defendan. Ini adalah berdasarkan kes yang telah diputuskan iaitu KAMARUDIN BIN MOHD DAUD V ROSLINDA BINTI DAHILI & ANOR [2024] 1 PIR [53], Mahkamah merujuk kepada Seksyen 101 Akta Keterangan 1950 di mana beban pembuktian sesuatu kes sepanjang perbicaraan terletak di atas bahu Plaintif dan akan berpindah kepada Defendan-Defendan selepas beban tersebut dilepaskan.
23
Sebagai tambahan, kes HONG YIK TRADING V LIZIZ PLANTATION SDN BHD [2017] CLJ juga dirujuk di mana Mahkamah Persekutuan menggariskan pemakaian Seksyen 101 Akta Keterangan 1950 tersebut: - “[12] It is settled law that the burden of proof rests throughout the trial on the party who asserts that the facts exist. Where a party on whom the burden of proof lies has discharged that burden, then the evidential burden shifts to the other party. However, if the party on whom the S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg burden of proof lies fails to discharge it, the other party need not call any evidence.”
24
Beban pembuktian telah beralih kepada Defendan-Defendan namun Defendan-Defendan telah gagal untuk memanggil sebarang saksi semasa perbicaraan untuk hadir memberikan keterangan bagi menyangkal dan menafikan keterangan dan ekshibit yang telah dikemukakan oleh pihak Plaintif. Di dalam kes RUBIAH ANUAR V LIM SIANG [1998] 3 CLJ, Hakim Malik Ishak meyatakan seperti berikut: - “The onus would be on the driver of the car to show that he was not negligent. However, the Defendant took a perilous course of not attending the trial and consequently, the Defendant did not give evidence at the trial. That being the case the particulars of the negligence as itemized by the Plaintiff’s statement of claim stood unrebutted...”
25
Mahkamah ini merujuk kes SABRI ABDUL TALIB AND VT LOGISTICS (M) SDN. BHD. V. TIONG MEE KOOI [2021] 1 LNS 2275, Hakim Evrol Mariette Peters menyatakan bahawa: “The standard of proof on the Plaintiff to prove his claim was on a balance of probabilities. The term ‘balance of probabilities’ was described in Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 by Denning J (as he then was) as ‘more probable than not’ and which is ‘not so high as required in a criminal case…but if the probabilities are equal, it is not discharged’. The standard, therefore, does not allow for any guesswork, speculation, surmise, or conjecture. Miller v. Minister of Pensions has been assimilated into Malaysian jurisprudence through several cases, including Inas Faiqah bt Mohd Helmi (an infant suing through her father and next friend, Mohd Helmi bin Abdul Aziz) v. Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors [2016] 2 MLJ 1.”.
26
Berdasarkan perkara-perkara yang telah dinyatakan di atas, Mahkamah memutuskan bahawa, di atas imbangan kebarangkalian, Defendan-Defendan menanggung 100% liabiliti terhadap Plaintif-Plaintif di dalam kes ini. C.
27
Gantirugi Am Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada prinsip undang-undang mengenai gantirugi am dalam mempertimbangkan gantirugi am yang sewajarnya bagi Plaintif-Plaintif sebagaimana yang telah diputuskan di dalam kes KU JIA SHIUEN (AN INFANT SUING THROUGH HER MOTHER AND NEXT FRIEND, TAY PEI HOON) & ANOR V GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA & ORS [2013] 4 MLJ 108, di mana Mahkamah telah menyatakan seperti berikut: “It is settled law that damages in tort are not meant to be punitive; neither a reward. Damages are meant to be a form of compensation that will give the injured party reparation for the wrongful act so far as money can compensate. It is not meant to enrich the injured party. Therefore, the compensation must by fair, reasonable and adequate but not excessive (Yang Salbiah & Anor v Jamil bin Harun [1981] 1 MLJ 292) The aim is to put the injured party back as it were, as far as possible to his original position prior to the tortuous act which caused the damage (Shanmugam a/l Gopal v Zinal Abidin bin Nazim & Anor [2003] 3 MLJ 76; Ong Ah Long v Dr S Underwood [1983] 2 MLJ
28
Mahkamah ini juga turut merujuk kepada kes ONG AH LONG V DR S UNDERWOOD (1983) CLJ REP 300 di mana Mahkamah mengatakan seperti berikut:- “It has to be borne in mind that damages for personal injuries are not punitive and still less a reward. They are simply compensation that will give the injured party reparation for the wrongful act and for all the natural and direct consequences of the wrongful act, so far as money can compensate. …The award under general damages should be a S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg global sum commensurate with the injury sustained and not a full compensation which might result in ruinous consequences to the defendant.”
29
Dalam mempertimbangkan gantirugi am yang sewajarnya bagi Plaintif-Plaintif, Mahkamah ini turut merujuk kepada Revised Compendium of Personal Injury Award bertarikh 16 Oktober 2018 yang merupakan satu garis panduan dalam menentukan nilai gantirugi. Walaubagaimanapun, Mahkamah ini tidak terikat dengan jumlah yang dinyatakan di dalam Revised Compendium of Personal Injury Award tersebut.
30
Pemahaman ini adalah berdasarkan kes ABDUL WAFFIY BIN WAHUBBI & ANOR VAK NAZARUDDIN BIN AHMAD [2017] MLJU 761 di mana Mahkamah Tinggi menyatakan seperti berikut: “I would also venture to say that it is the duty of counsel on both sides to guide the court to make an award which falls within the range as provided in the Compendium. Of course, even then there has to be medical evidence to support an award which leans towards either the higher or lower end of the range. Having said that, I do accept that the Compendium is not a statutory code but only a guideline which does not fetter the court’s discretion and that the court is, subject to exceptional factual circumstances, at liberty to depart from the Compendium. But, it would take compelling and extenuating facts (medical evidence) to persuade a court to depart from the Compendium. Otherwise, the Compendium will be rendered useless in so far achieving consistency in awards for damages for personal injuries.”
31
Pihak Plaintif-Plaintif dan Defendan-Defendan turut membuat rujukan terhadap nas-nas perundangan dalam membantu Mahkamah ini mempertimbangkan gantirugi am yang wajar diberikan. Dalam membuat rujukan terhadap nas-nas perundangan tersebut, Mahkamah ini sentiasa dipandu oleh kes LAW KOK LEONG & ANOR V NOR HAPIZA BINTI ABU S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg HASSAN (WIFE TO THE DECEASED, ABDUL MANAP BIN HAMID) [2017] 1 PIR [3] di mana Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan bahawa: “The amount awarded by the SCJ for damages was not entirely excessive. The awards were given by referring to and being guided by recent cases” The defendants had proposed the sum of RM220,000.00 in the Sessions Court, and are maintaining the same figure in this appeal. It was submitted that the award of RM300,000.00 by the Sessions Court was excessive, particularly as the maximum award set out in the Revised Compendium of Personal Injury Awards is RM220,000.00. I am disinclined to disturb the award, as the learned SCJ had referred to the awards given in recent cases and was guided by them. He also correctly pointed out that the Compendium is merely a guideline, and that he was not bound to adhere to the amount set out in it.”
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Berdasarkan otoriti kes-kes yang dirujuk, Mahkamah ini memberikan gantirugi am seperti berikut: Gantirugi Am bagi Plaintif Pertama a) Closed Fracture Right Neck of Femur = RM 40, 000.00 b) Operative Scar = RM 4,000.00 c) Muscle Wasting = RM 4,000.00 Jumlah keseluruhan gantirugi am adalah sebanyak RM48,000.00 Gantirugi Am bagi Plaintif Ketiga a) Soft Tissue Injury = RM 3,000.00 Jumlah gantirugi am adalah sebanyak RM3,000.00.
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Mahkamah ini telah merujuk nas perundangan yang telah dikemukakan oleh pihak-pihak di dalam kes JH-A73KJ-73-10/2023 serta mengambil kira jumlah yang dinyatakan di dalam Revised Compendium of Personal Injury Award bertarikh 16 Oktober 2018. Mahkamah mengimbangi faktor-faktor ini dan berpandangan bahawa jumlah yang wajar telah diberikan kepada Plaintif dan jumlah ini turut mengambil kira faktor bahawa kes ini diselesaikan pada tahun 2024.
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Gantirugi Khas Dalam mempertimbangkan gantirugi khas yang sewajarnya bagi Plaintif, Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada prinsip undang-undang mengenai gantirugi khas sebagaimana yang telah diputuskan di dalam kes SAM WUN HOONG V KADER IBRAMSHAH (1981) 1 MLJ 295 yang memutuskan seperti berikut: “Special damage consists of out-of-pocket expenses, such as hospital bills and actual losses of earning during period of total incapacity, and is generally capable of substantially exact calculation.”
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Mahkamah ini turut merujuk kepada kes TUMBUNG ANAK NAKIS & ANOR V CHRISTOPHER ANAK BANDI@JOSNY (2018) 1 LNS 1514 yang memutuskan seperti berikut: “…lest it be forgotten, the claim under this head is a claim under special damages, the Plaintiff is required not only to plead precisely but also to prove it. The Plaintiff is expected to provide evidence so that the Court can then decide the reasonable costs which had been reasonably incurred by the Plaintiff as pre-trial loss arising from the injury. The Plaintiff cannot simply throw a figure at the court and expect the Court to award the asserted sum as special damages or to pluck a figure in the air.”
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Bagi gantirugi khas, Mahkamah ini memberikan gantirugi khas seperti berikut:- Gantirugi Khas bagi Plaintif Pertama a) Laporan polis, rajah kasar, kekunci, gambar-gambar dan Keputusan siasatan kes = RM 40.00 b) Kos carian JPJ = RM 10.00 c) Kos Pembaikian Komputer Riba = RM 800.00 d) Laporan perubatan HSA = RM 40.00 e) Laporan Perubatan Pakar Century Orthopedic Specialist Clinic = RM
980
980.00 f) Kos rawatan susulan Fisioterapi - RM 150 per sesi sebanyak max 30 sesi = RM 4,500.00 g) Kos Ubat Tahan Sakit-Tramadol (10 tablet RM 12) = RM 32.00 Jumlah keseluruhan gantirugi khas adalah sebanyak RM 6,402.00 Gantirugi khas bagi Plaintif Ketiga yang dibenarkan: - a) Laporan Perubatan dari Hospital Kulai = RM 40.00 Jumlah gantirugi khas adalah sebanyak RM40.00.
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Berdasarkan Laporan Pakar Plaintif, Plaintif Pertama menyatakan masih lagi mengalami kesakitan pada paha kanannya dan mengalami kesukaran dalam menggunakan tangga. Laporan Pakar Defendan sebagai laporan pakar terkini pula menyatakan bahawa removal of implants dan total hip replacement tidak perlu dijalani oleh Plaintif Pertama memandangkan tulang femur beliau telah bercantum dan tidak memerlukan pembedahan masa hadapan. Oleh yang demikian, Mahkamah ini berpandangan bahawa jumlah di atas adalah wajar diberikan kepada Plaintif-Plaintif.
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Selepas mengambil kira isu liabiliti, Mahkamah memerintahkan bahawa Defendan-Defendan dihakimi membayar kepada Plaintif Pertama gantirugi am sebanyak RM48,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM6,402.00 manakala kepada Plaintif Ketiga gantirugi am sebanyak RM3,000.00 dan gantirugi khas sebanyak RM40.00. Kos adalah mengikut skala.
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C. KESIMPULAN Setelah Mahkamah mendengar keterangan bersumpah dari saksi-saksi, meneliti dokumen-dokumen dan ekshibit-ekshibit berkaitan yang telah dikemukakan serta membaca hujahan-hujahan bertulis yang telah difailkan oleh kedua-dua pihak, maka atas beban imbangan kebarangkalian dan prinsip undang-undang yang ada Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa keputusan yang diberikan adalah adil dan munasabah serta mengikut undang-undang. BERTARIKH: 28 NOVEMBER 2025 Disediakan oleh, (NURKHALIDA FARHANA BINTI ABU BAKAR) Majistret Mahkamah Majistret Kota Tinggi Johor KAUNSEL: Bagi pihak Peguam Plaintif– Fatin Fatihah Tetuan Ridzuan Awang & Co. Bagi pihak Peguam Defendan – Christopher Francis S/N 3AuJT4myGU6/sLbpkvkXg Tetuan VP Nathan & Partners Kes-kes yang dirujuk: Tenaga Nasional Bhd v Perwaja Steel Sdn Bhd [1995] 4 MLJ 673 Public Prosecutor Mohd Yusof Bin Mohd Rakim & Anor vs Shanta A/P Periasamy & Anor [2006] 5 MLJ 251 Teo Bee Leng v Mohd Farhan Azizan Adnan [2020] 1 LNS 612 Lilies Suraya Abdul Latib & Ors v. Khairul Sabri & Ors [2019] 1 LNS 2099 Siti Athirah Mohd Sapuan v. Razanatul Ain Hassan & Anor [2015] 6 CLJ 295 Kamarudin Bin Mohd Daud v Roslinda Binti Dahili & Anor [2024] 1 Pir [53] Hong Yik Trading v Liziz Plantation Sdn Bhd [2017] CLJ Abdul Waffiy Bin Wahubbi & Anor v A K Nazaruddin Bin AHMAD [2017] MLJU 761 Rubiah Anuar v Lim Siang [1998] 3 CLJ Ku Jia Shiuen (An Infant suing through her mother and next friend, Tay Pei Hoon) & Anor v Government of Malaysia & Ors [2013] 4 MLJ 108 Ong Ah Long v Dr S Underwood (1983) CLJ REP 300 Law Kok Leong & Anor v Nor Hapiza Binti Abu Hassan (wife to the deceased, Abdul Manap Bin Hamid) [2017] 1 PIR [3] Sam Wun Hoong v Kader Ibramshah (1981) 1 MLJ 295 Tumbung Anak Nakis & Anor v Christopher Anak Bandi@Josny (2018) 1 LNS 1514
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