Schedule
Jadual Kelapan dan Butiran 4(I) Senarai I Jadual Kesembilan Perlembagaan Persekutuan; (5) selanjutnya dan/atau sebagai alternatif kepada perkara-perkara di atas, bahawa Responden Pertama, Responden Ke-2 dan Responden Ke-3 telah bertindak secara menyalahi undang-undang (illegally) dan/atau tidak rasional apabila mereka telah mengarahkan Responden dan Responden Ke-5 melalui suatu ketetapan yang dicapai dan/atau diputuskan oleh Responden Pertama (‘Ketetapan’) untuk memberhentikan pengeluaran dan pembaharuan lesen-lesen premis judi/nombor ramalan dalam kawasan Majlis Perbandaran Kangar Perlis apabila lesen-lesen sedia ada tamat kelak; dan (6) bahawa Ketetapan tersebut adalah ultra vires kepada Perlembagaan Persekutuan oleh kerana ia adalah tidak konsisten dan melanggar antara lain, Perkara-Perkara 5, 8, 73, 74, 75, 80, Jadual Kelapan dan Butiran 4(I) Senarai I Jadual Kesembilan Perlembagaan Persekutuan, dan adalah terbatal dan tidak sah; (B) Suatu perintah certiorari untuk mengusulkan Mahkamah yang Mulia ini untuk membatalkan Notis-Notis tersebut; (C) Suatu perintah mandamus mengarahkan Responden Ke- 4 dan Responden Ke-5 untuk: (1) membenarkan perniagaan-perniagaan judi/nombor ramalan untuk memohon bagi pengeluaran dan/atau pembaharuan lesen perniagaan premis di dalam kawasan Majlis Perbandaran Kangar Perlis; dan (2) berikutan permohonan bagi lesen-lesen premis bagi premis perniagaan judi/nombor ramalan, untuk Responden dan Responden Ke-5 mengeluarkan dan/atau memperbaharui lesen premis perniagaan bagi perniagaan judi/nombor ramalan di dalam kawasan Majlis Perbandaran Kangar Perlis; (D) Suatu perintah certiorari untuk mengusulkan Mahkamah yang Mulia ini untuk membatalkan Ketetapan tersebut; (E) Suatu perintah agar ganti rugi ditaksirkan oleh Timbalan Pendaftar/Penolong Kanan Pendaftar bagi kerugian-kerugian yang telah dialami oleh Pemohon-Pemohon akibat daripada Ketetapan dan/atau Notis-Notis tersebut (‘Kerugian’); (F) Suatu perintah agar Kerugian tersebut dibayar secara bersama dan/atau berasingan oleh Responden-Responden kepada Pemohon-Pemohon; (G) Tiada perintah berkenaan dengan kos; dan (H) Apa-apa perintah atau relif lain yang difikirkan patut, adil dan wajar diberikan oleh Mahkamah yang Mulia ini. [5] Peguam Negara walau bagaimanapun telah membantah kedua-dua permohonan Pemohon-Pemohon untuk mendapatkan kebenaran untuk memulakan prosiding semakan kehakiman terhadap putatif Responden-Responden di bawah Aturan 53 Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012 (selepas ini dirujuk sebagai “KKM 2012”). [6] Setelah Mahkamah ini meneliti, menilai dan mempertimbangkan segala kertas kausa, hujahan dan nas undang-undang yang dikemukakan oleh Pemohon-Pemohon dan Peguam Negara dalam kedua-dua tindakan tersebut, Mahkamah ini mendapati terdapat merit dalam bantahan Peguam Negara tersebut. Oleh itu, Mahkamah ini telah membenarkan bantahan Peguam Negara tersebut dan menolak permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman Pemohon-Pemohon terhadap putatif Responden-Responden dengan tiada perintah mengenai kos. [7] Alasan Mahkamah ini adalah seperti di bawah. [8] Pertama, undang-undang adalah mantap bahawa sesuatu permohonan untuk semakan kehakiman adalah tertakluk kepada Aturan 53 KKM 2012. Bagi maksud ini, pemohon hendaklah mematuhi setiap prosedur dan ketetapan yang telah ditetapkan di bawah peruntukan tersebut. Aturan 53 KKM 2012 tersebut memperuntukkan seperti yang berikut: “Order 53 Application for judicial review 1. Application for judicial review (O. 53 r. 1) (1) This Order shall govern all applications seeking the relief specified in paragraph 1 of the Schedule to the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 and for the purposes therein specified. (2) This Order is subject to the provisions of Chapter VIII of Part 2 of the Specific Relief Act 1950 [Act 137]. 2. Applications (O. 53 r. 2) (1) An application for any of the reliefs specified in paragraph 1 of the Schedule to the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 (other than an application for an order of habeas corpus) shall be in Form 109. (2) An application for judicial review may seek any of the reliefs, including a prayer for a declaration, either jointly or in the alternative in the same application if it relates to or is connected with the same subject matter. (3) Upon the hearing of an application for judicial review, the Court shall not be confined to the relief claimed by the applicant but may dismiss the application or make any orders, including an order of injunction or monetary compensation: Provided that the power to grant an injunction shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions of section 29 of the Government Proceedings Act 1956 [Act 359] and section 54 of the Specific Relief Act 1950. (4) Any person who is adversely affected by the decision, action or omission in relation to the exercise of the public duty or function shall be entitled to make the application. 3. Leave (O. 53 r. 3) (1) An application under this Order shall not be made unless leave therefor has been granted in accordance with this rule. (2) An application for leave must be made ex parte to a Judge in Chambers and must be supported by a statement setting out the name and description of the applicant, the relief sought and the grounds on which it is sought, and by affidavits verifying the facts relied on. (3) The applicant must give notice of the application for leave not later than three days before the hearing date to the Attorney General’s Chambers and must at the same time lodge in those Chambers copies of the statement and affidavits. (4) The Judge may, in granting leave, impose such terms as to costs and as to the giving of security as he thinks fit. (5) The grant of leave under this rule shall not, unless the Judge so directs, operate as a stay of the proceedings in question. (6) An application for judicial review shall be made promptly and in any event within three months from the date when the grounds of application first arose or when the decision is first communicated to the applicant. (7) The Court may, upon an application, extend the time specified in rule 3(6) if it considers that there is a good reason for doing so. (8) An application to extend time must be served on all respondents and shall be heard inter partes. 4. Notice (O. 53 r. 4) (1) Where leave has been granted under this rule, the applicant shall, within fourteen days after the grant of such leave, file a notice in Form 110. (2) Upon extraction of the sealed copy of Form 110, the applicant shall serve a copy of the same together with a copy of the statement and all affidavits in support on all persons directly affected by the application not later than fourteen days before the date of hearing specified in the Form 110. 5. Damages (O. 53 r. 5) (1) On an application for judicial review the Court may, subject to paragraph (2), award damages to the applicant if – (a) he has included in the statement in support of his application for leave under rule 3 a claim for damages arising from any matter to which the application relates; and (b) the Court is satisfied that, if the claim has been made in an action begun by the applicant at the time of making his application, he could have been awarded damages. (2) Order 18, rule 12, shall apply to a statement relating to a claim for damages as it applies to a pleading. 6. Discovery, etc. (O. 53 r. 6) After leave has been granted, any party to an application for judicial review may apply to the Judge for discovery and inspection of documents pursuant to Order 24, to administer interrogatories pursuant to Order 26, or to cross-examine the deponent of any affidavit filed in support of or in opposition to the application pursuant to Order 38. 7. Amendment (O. 53 r. 7) (1) The Judge may allow the statement to be amended, and may allow further affidavits to be used if they deal with new matters arising out of any affidavit of any other party to the application, and where the applicant intends to amend his statement or use further affidavits, he must immediately give notice of his intention and of any proposed amendment of his statement to every other party. (2) Every party to the application must supply to any other party copies of the affidavits which he proposes to use at the hearing. 8. Other persons who may be heard (O. 53 r. 8) (1) Upon the hearing of an application for judicial review, any person who desires to be heard in opposition to the application and appears to the Judge to be a proper person to be heard may be heard notwithstanding that he has not been served with the cause papers in the matter. (2) Where on application for judicial review an order of certiorari is made in any such case, the order shall direct that the proceedings shall be quashed forthwith on their removal to the High Court. 9. No setting aside of order (O. 53 r. 9) An application to set aside any order made by the Judge shall not be entertained, but the aggrieved party may appeal to the Court of Appeal.”. [9] Berdasarkan Aturan 53 kaedah 3(2) dan (3) KKM 2012 dan undang-undang yang mantap, setiap permohonan untuk mendapat kebenaran semakan kehakiman hendaklah dibuat secara ex parte kepada Hakim dalam Kamar dan disokong dengan afidavit sokongan pemohon. Pemohon juga dikehendaki untuk memberi notis kepada Peguam Negara tidak kurang daripada tiga hari sebelum pendengaran permohonan untuk mendapat kebenaran semakan kehakiman tersebut. Ini bagi membolehkan Peguam Negara menyatakan pendiriannya sama ada Peguam Negara mempunyai bantahan terhadap permohonan semakan kehakiman tersebut, terutamanya dalam kes-kes yang melibatkan kepentingan awam. [10] Ini adalah bertepatan dengan fungsi dan peranan Peguam Negara sebagai penjaga Perlembagaan Persekutuan dan kepentingan awam menurut Fasal (2) Perkara 145 Perlembagaan Persekutuan. [11] Dalam kes Kanawagi A/L Seperumaniam v Dato’ Abdul Hamid Bin Mohamad [2004] 5 MLJ 495, Faiza Tamby Chik J telah menyatakan seperti yang berikut: “3 As the law on the participation of the AG’s Chambers and the respondents are distinct, I will take these two issues separately, starting with the AG’s role. When an applicant files an application for leave for a judicial review remedy, he has to serve all the papers on the AG. The service on the AG’s Chambers of the applicant’s ex parte application is mandatory as per RHC, O 53 r 3(3) which states: The applicant must give notice of the application for leave not later than three days before the hearing date to the Attorney General’s Chambers and must at the same time lodge in those Chambers copies of the statement and affidavit. 4 There is a good reason why the applicant is required to serve the cause papers on the AG. The rule is based on the principle that judicial review is a principal tool of ‘public law’ applicable to ‘public’ bodies in claims brought before a specialized administrative court. In Malaysia, this administrative court is the High Court in its originating jurisdiction. As public bodies impliedly attract public interest and the guardian of public interest is the AG this provision makes the AG a nominal party in all judicial review applications. The intention of this rule was to ensure that the AG vets all judicial review applications in order to ascertain if his participation is warranted. Whether the AG elects to appear or not is solely at his discretion. And if the AG does elect to appear by himself or his representative then the court is bound to give a hearing and thereafter decide the matter. The court has no jurisdiction not to hear the AG. However if the AG appears it is for the AG to show the public element involved in the application and to either support or oppose the application. However, if there is no public element involved, there is no need for the AG to appear and it would be implied that the non-appearance of the AG would mean that the application did not touch issues of public interest. … 7 The AG in electing to appear in a judicial review application must be cautious that his appearance is only in relation to matters of public interest. This is important for there is a high degree of confusion that a public body exercising public function may take a decision which affects a person which invites private law. In such a situation the participation of the AG is not necessary as no element of public interest is involved. Not all decisions by public bodies involve public issues. Some decisions only involved private issues not touching public issues.”. [Penekanan ditambah] [12] Prinsip undang-undang yang sama turut diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Messrs Tai Choi Yu & Co, Advocates (suing as a firm and Tai Choi Yu as sole proprietor) v Arifin bin Zakaria & Anor [2020] 5 MLJ 207. Dalam penghakiman yang disampaikan oleh Stephen Chung JCA, dalam menolak rayuan Perayu, Mahkamah telah memutuskan bahawa – “(1) Under art 145(2) of the Federal Constitution (‘the Constitution’), it shall be the duty of the AG to perform such other duties of a legal character and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under the Constitution or any written law. Article 145(4) provides that in the performance of his duties the AG shall have the right of audience in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal in the Federation. It had been held that the AG was a public officer under the Constitution and that art 145 properly read gave ample power to the AG to represent the government and any body or person performing any function under the Constitution. Based on the above authorities, the AG had a separate and independent power and duty under the Constitution to step in to defend and protect the institution of the judiciary and in the interest of the administration of justice in the country where the judiciary was under attack (see paras 16 & 19). (2) In a judicial review application, under O 53 of the Rules of Court 2012, the application must be served on the AG. This rule was based on the principle that judicial review was a principal tool of ‘public law’ applicable to ‘public’ bodies. As public bodies impliedly attract public interest and the guardian of public interest was the AG, the AG was therefore a nominal party in all judicial review applications. The intention of the rule was to ensure that the AG vetted all judicial review applications in order to ascertain if his participation was warranted. Whether the AG elected to appear or not was solely his discretion and if he elected to appear, the court was bound to give a hearing (see para 20). [Penekanan ditambah] [13] Berdasarkan nas-nas undang-undang di atas, adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa Peguam Negara mempunyai hak dan locus standi untuk hadir dalam sesuatu prosiding semakan kehakiman dan membantah sesuatu permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman, jika perlu. [14] Oleh itu, dalam tindakan ini adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa Peguam Negara berhak untuk hadir dalam prosiding semakan kehakiman tersebut dan membangkitkan apa-apa bantahan terhadap permohonan Pemohon-Pemohon untuk mendapatkan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman tersebut dan ia adalah sah dan teratur menurut undang-undang. [15] Kedua, menurut Aturan 53 kaedah 2(4) KKM 2012, mana-mana orang yang mendapat kemudaratan dengan keputusan, tindakan atau peninggalan berhubung dengan penjalanan kewajipan atau fungsi awam berhak untuk membuat permohonan itu (any person who is adversely affected by the decision, action or omission in relation to the exercise of the public duty or function shall be entitled to make the application). [16] Berdasarkan Aturan 53 kaedah 2(4) KKM 2012 tersebut adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa untuk berjaya dalam kedua-dua permohonan untuk semakan kehakiman tersebut, Pemohon-Pemohon dalam tindakan ini hendaklah menunjukkan yang mereka telah mendapat kemudaratan dengan keputusan atau tindakan berhubung dengan penjalanan kewajipan atau fungsi awam Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga. [17] Walau bagaimanapun, berdasarkan penelitian Mahkamah ini terhadap kertas-kertas kausa yang telah difailkan oleh Pemohon-Pemohon didapati bahawa Pemohon-Pemohon telah gagal melampirkan, menentukan dan mengenal pasti keputusan atau tindakan Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga yang dikatakan telah menyebabkan kemudaratan kepada Pemohon-Pemohon. Apa yang dilampirkan oleh Pemohon-Pemohon untuk menyokong permohonan untuk semakan kehakiman mereka adalah laporan-laporan akhbar, dokumen dan artikel-artikel atas talian (online articles) seperti di Ekshibit YFM-6, YFM-7, YFM-8, YFM-9, YFM-10 dan YFM-11. [18] Pada pendapat Mahkamah ini, laporan-laporan akhbar, dokumen dan artikel-artikel atas talian tersebut tidak termasuk di bawah maksud keputusan atau tindakan berhubung dengan penjalanan kewajipan atau fungsi awam Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga menurut Aturan 53 kaedah 2(4) KKM 2012 kerana laporan-laporan akhbar, dokumen dan artikel-artikel atas talian tersebut bukan merupakan keputusan rasmi atau formal Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga. [19] Memandangkan Pemohon-Pemohon telah gagal melampirkan, menentukan dan mengenal pasti keputusan atau tindakan yang didakwa telah dibuat oleh Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga tersebut, maka tidak dapat ditentukan secara pasti apakah keputusan atau tindakan yang telah dibuat oleh Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga yang hendak dirujuk oleh Pemohon-Pemohon kepada Mahkamah ini untuk semakan kehakiman, jika ada. [20] Prinsip undang-undang ini telah diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Members of the Commission of Enquiry on the Video Clip Recording of Images of A Person Purported to be an Advocate and Solicitor Speaking on Telephone on Matters of Appointment of Judges v Tun Dato’ Seri Ahmad Fairuz bin Dato’ Sheikh Abdul Halim [2011] 6 MLJ 490. Dalam penghakiman yang disampaikan oleh Raus Sharif FCJ (pada ketika itu), Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan seperti yang berikut: “[26] It is trite law that the purpose of an order for certiorari is to quash the legal effect of a decision. In England, in the case of Council of Civil Service Unions and others v Minister for the Civil Service [1984] 3 All ER 935 the House of Lords held that for a decision to be susceptible to the court’s reviewing powers, there must first be a decision by a decision maker or a refusal by him to make a decision, and, that decision must affect the aggrieved party by either altering his rights or obligations or depriving him of the benefits which he has been permitted to enjoy. [27] We adopt the same view. Under the scheme of O 53 of the RHC, only a person adversely affected by the decision of a public authority shall be entitled to make the application for judicial review. In the present case, there is no dispute that the Commission is a public authority. But we are of the view that the Commission is not a decision making body. A closer look at the Commission’s report will reveal that the Commission does not make legal decision. The report consists of findings and recommendations of the Commission on the five terms of reference entrusted upon them to do. Being mere findings and recommendations, it do not bind the respondents, not even the government.”. [Penekanan ditambah] [21] Dalam kes Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang v Syarikat Bekerjasama-sama Serbaguna Sungai Gelugor dengan Tanggungan [1999] 3 MLJ 1 pula, Edgar Joseph Jr FCJ yang menyampaikan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan telah menyatakan seperti yang berikut: “Identifying The Impugned Decision It is right to say, at the risk of being trite, that administrative law is much concerned with the legality of procedures leading up to a decision and, of course, of the decision itself. It is therefore a matter of the first importance to correctly identify the decision sought to be impugned. Furthermore, when the date on which a decision is made is important, it may be necessary to know which of a series of acts constituted the effective decision for the purpose of the scheme in question.”. [Penekanan ditambah] [22] Berdasarkan prinsip undang-undang dan alasan-alasan di atas, memandangkan Pemohon-Pemohon telah gagal menentukan dan mengenal pasti apakah keputusan dan tindakan yang telah dibuat oleh Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga tersebut yang perlu disemak oleh Mahkamah ini, jika ada, maka adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa Permohonan Untuk Semakan Kehakiman Pemohon-Pemohon tersebut adalah adalah remeh dan menyusahkan (frivolous and vexatious). Oleh itu, berdasarkan undang-undang yang mantap, adalah wajar permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman Pemohon-Pemohon tersebut ditolak. [23] Ketiga, berdasarkan undang-undang yang mantap, Mahkamah ini berpendapat bahawa keputusan dan ketetapan yang didakwa oleh Pemohon-Pemohon telah dibuat Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga tersebut, iaitu seperti mana yang dinyatakan dalam kedua-dua Saman Pemula tersebut, jika ada, tidak sesuai untuk disemak melalui semakan kehakiman (not amenable to judicial review) kerana ia merupakan perkara yang berkaitan dengan pertimbangan polisi dan/atau prerogatif pengurusan dan pentadbiran Kerajaan Negeri Perlis. [24] Berdasarkan undang-undang yang mantap, isu berkenaan dengan justiciability, sama ada suatu keputusan itu sesuai untuk semakan kehakiman (amenable to judicial review) dan sama ada pemohon mempunyai kes yang boleh dihujahkan (arguable case), jika dibangkitkan dan dicabar oleh suatu pihak dalam sesuatu prosiding semakan kehakiman, isu-isu tersebut hendaklah dibangkitkan dan diputuskan di peringkat permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman. [25] Perkara ini telah diputuskan dalam banyak kes undang-undang. Dalam kes Dr Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj v Peguam Negara Malaysia [2013] 2 MLJ 321 misalnya, Raus Sharif PCA (pada ketika itu) yang menyampaikan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan seperti yang berikut: “(3) The issue of whether the decision of the first and/or second respondent was amenable to judicial review could be decided at the leave stage. It was not a requirement that the court should only decide on the issue after hearing all the evidence at the substantive motion for judicial review. There was no purpose for the High Court to grant leave for the purpose of investigation on a full inter partes basis, when the supporting documents exhibited by the appellant clearly showed that the appellant had no arguable case. Hence the Court of Appeal was right to set aside the order of the High Court in granting leave to institute judicial review proceedings (see paras 22–23).”. [Penekanan ditambah] [26] Mengenai pemakaian prinsip justiciability dalam perkara yang melibatkan pertimbangan polisi dan/atau prerogatif pengurusan dan pentadbiran Kerajaan atau badan eksekutif, Raus Sharif PCA (pada ketika itu) dalam kes Dr Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj tersebut telah memutuskan bahawa selaras dengan doktrin pengasingan kuasa, badan kehakiman tidak boleh menyemak keputusan yang telah dibuat oleh badan eksekutif berkenaan dengan pertimbangan polisi dan/atau prerogatif pengurusan dan pentadbiran Kerajaan kerana ia dibuat setelah mengambil kira pelbagai faktor, pertimbangan, perkiraan, kajian, pendapat pakar dan aspek teknikal yang biasanya bukan dari segi perundangan, dan Mahkamah tidak mempunyai maklumat dan kepakaran yang perlu untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang bukan bersifat perundangan dan untuk memberi penghakiman berhubung dengan kesesuaian suatu polisi tertentu. Dalam penghakimannya, Raus Sharif PCA (pada ketika itu) menyatakan bahawa – “[18] We are in complete agreement with the above view. We would like to add that the disbursement of the Special Constituency Allocation is a policy matter which is not within the purview of the courts. It is our view that the courts is in no position to evaluate the qualifications in the application for the Special Constituency Allocation and to determine or decide on the policy made by the executive. We have to take cognisance of the fact that government policies emanate after consideration of a number of technical factors which are often non legal; and judges do not possess the necessary information and expertise to evaluate these non-legal factors and to pass judgment on the appropriateness or adequacy of a particular policy. [19] In this regard, we would quote the relevant passages of the renown authors, MP Jain and SN Jain from their book entitled Principles of Administrative Law (6th Ed), at p 1069: It is not normally within the domain of any court to weigh the pros and cons of the policy or to scrutinize it and test the degree of its beneficial or equitable disposition for the purpose of varying or annulling it, based on howsoever sound and good reasoning, except where it is arbitrary or violative of any constitution, statutory or any provision of law. When the government forms its policy it is based on a number of circumstance on facts, law, including constraints based on these resources. It is also based on its expert opinion, it would be dangerous if court is asked to test the utility, beneficial effect of the policy or its appraisal based on facts set out on affidavits. The court would dissuade itself from entering into this realm which belongs to the executive (see State of Punjab v Ram Lubhaya Bagga, AIR 1998 SC 1703). On matters affecting policy and requiring technical expertise, the court would leave the matter for decision of those who are qualified to address this issue. Unless the policy or action is inconsistent with the constitution and the laws or arbitrary or irrational or abuse of power, the court will not interfere with such matters (see Federation of Railway Officers Assn v UOI, AIR 2003 SC 1344). [20] In the present case, the second respondent had clearly explained, why he decided the way he did with regard to the distribution of the Special Constituency Allocation for the Sungai Siput constituency. Clearly, what was decided by the second respondent hinged on matters relating to policy and thus we would dissuade ourselves from entering into the realm which belongs to the executive. Courts must be wary of unduly extending its judicial arms to policy matters which are exclusively within the domain of the executive. Unwarranted usurpation and transgression by the judiciary into the realm of the executive and vice versa will bring about disrepute to our system of government which upholds the separation of powers between the three main components vis a vis the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. [Penekanan ditambah]. [27] Keputusan Raus Sharif PCA (pada ketika itu) dalam kes Dr Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj tersebut telahpun diikuti oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan dan Mahkamah Rayuan masing-masing dalam kes Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia & Ors v Latheefa Beebi Koya & Anor [2017] 5 MLJ 349 dan Lembaga Tatatertib Kumpulan Sokongan (No 1) Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara & Ors v Mariani bt Ramli [2021] 5 MLJ 857. [28] Selanjutnya, mengenai maksud dan kesesuaian pemakaian prinsip justiciability dalam sesuatu permohonan semakan kehakiman, ia telahpun diterangkan secara jelas dan tuntas oleh Mohamad Ariff J (pada ketika itu) dalam kes Tengku Muhammad Fakhry Petra Ibni Sultan Ismail Petra v Yang Maha Mulia Pemangku Raja Kelantan & Ors [2011] 1 MLJ 128 seperti yang berikut: “THE CONCEPT OF JUSTICIABILITY [8] Justiciability relates to the sixth ground stated above — whether judicial review is an appropriate procedure. It can be subsumed even under grounds (v) and (iv). The issue can also be stated as whether the subject matter is ‘amenable to judicial process’, a phrase which appears in the House of Lords decision in Council of Civil Service Unions and others v Minister for the Civil Service [1984] 3 All ER 935; [1985] 1 AC 374, per Lord Roskil. Generally, an issue is regarded as non-justiciable where a court of law or the court process is ill-suited to decide the issue by reason of lack of competence, unsuitability of the legal method, lack of satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination of the dispute at hand, or where constitutional, common or statutory laws expressly or contextually insulate it from judicial determination. [9] The learned authors of Duma Das Basu’s Human Rights in Constitutional Law (2nd Ed, Reprint 2005) observe with deserving scholarship as follows: Limits of Judicial Review of Executive Acts Even where it appears prima facie that some fundamental right has been violated by an Executive Act, the Court cannot interfere with that act on the ground of unconstitutionality because of general principles relating to the limits of the judicial method and the rule of the judiciary, and the lack of satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination of certain questions. Non-justiciable Issues In connection with the unconstitutionality of legislation, we have seen that even where a fundamental right has been invaded by a statute, the individual who is affected thereby may not have a remedy from a Court of Law, because the issue involved is not justiciable. … The most prominent amongst non-justiciable issues are those which are known in the U.S.A. as ‘political questions’, which means that the subject matter of the question is such that it is not capable of a judicial determination (at p 256). [10] The learned authors of De Smith’s Judicial Review (6th Ed) have also appropriately observed in this connection that despite the wholesome development of administrative law, ‘the fact remains, however, that there are some issues which are inherently unsuited to adjudication’ and in this category of case, ‘the Court acknowledges that the litigation process and the expertise of the Court are unsuited to resolving the question in hand’. (at p 121). [11] A good definition of ‘justiciability’ can also be found in Chris Finn, The Concept of ‘Justiciability’ in Administrative Law in Groves & Lee, Australian Administrative Law (2007): The term ‘justiciability’ refers to the suitability for, or amenability to, judicial review of a particular administrative decision or class of decisions. The term derives from the common law and reflects a series of self-imposed judicial restraints, themselves founded in a view as to the appropriate constitutional balance between the respective roles of the executive and the judiciary. Thus, a matter may be deemed ‘non-justiciable’ by a Court which feels that its resolution either is beyond the institutional competence of the Court or would involve stepping outside its appropriate constitutional role. (at p 143).”. [Penekanan ditambah] [29] Keputusan Mohamad Ariff J (pada ketika itu) dalam kes Tengku Muhammad Fakhry Petra Ibni Sultan Ismail Petra tersebut telahpun diikuti dan disahkan oleh Mahkamah Atasan dalam kes Peguam Negara Malaysia v Chin Chee Kow (as secretary of Persatuan Kebajikan dan Amal Liam Hood Thong Chor Seng Thuan) and another appeal [2019] 3 MLJ 443, Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib bin Tun Hj Abdul Razak v Attorney General & Ors [2020] 3 MLJ 114 dan Tan Sri Musa bin Hj Aman & Ors v Tun Datuk Seri Hj Panglima Hj Juhar Hj Mahiruddin & Ors [2021] 3 MLJ 329. [30] Lihat juga kes Letitia Bosman v Public Prosecutor and other appeals (No 1) [2020] 5 MLJ 277; Dominic Lau Hoe Chai v Maszlee bin Malik & Ors [2020] 8 MLJ 50; Marcel Jude Joseph v The Minister of Education, Ministry of Education, Malaysia [2012] 4 MLJ 555, Mazlan bin Chik & Ors v Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur [2019] MLJU 741 dan Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan & Anor v Wong Meng Yit & Ors [2012] 6 MLJ 57. [31] Berdasarkan prinsip dan nas-nas undang-undang di atas, adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa keputusan yang didakwa oleh Pemohon-Pemohon telah dibuat oleh Responden Pertama, Responden Kedua dan Responden Ketiga tersebut, jika ada, adalah berkaitan dengan pertimbangan polisi dan/atau prerogatif pengurusan dan pentadbiran Kerajaan yang termasuk di bawah perkara non-justiciability dan faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dan diambil kira oleh Kerajaan Negeri Perlis dalam membuat keputusan tersebut, jika ada, tidak berada di bawah pengetahuan dan kepakaran Mahkamah ini. Oleh itu, keputusan tersebut, jika ada, tidak sesuai untuk disemak melalui semakan kehakiman. [32] Keempat, berdasarkan prinsip undang-undang yang mantap, sebelum suatu kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman boleh diberikan oleh Mahkamah, Mahkamah hendaklah berpuas hati bahawa pemohon telah berjaya menunjukkan bahawa – (a) permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman tersebut tidak remeh (not frivolous); (b) permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman tersebut tidak menyusahkan (not vexatious); dan (c) permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman tersebut mempunyai merit untuk dihujahkan secara lebih lanjut pada peringkat substantif permohonan semakan kehakiman tersebut. [33] Prinsip undang-undang ini telah diputuskan oleh Gopal Sri Ram JCA (pada ketika itu) yang menyampaikan keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Tang Kwor Ham & Ors v Pengurusan Danaharta Nasional Bhd & Ors [2006] 5 MLJ 60 seperti yang berikut: “To paraphrase in less elegant language what has been said in these cases, the High Court should not go into the merits of the case at the leave stage. Its role is only to see if the application for leave is frivolous. If, for example, the applicant is a busybody, or the application is made out of time or against a person or body that is immunised from being impleaded in legal proceedings then the High Court would be justified in refusing leave in limine. So too will the court be entitled to refuse leave if it is a case where the subject matter of the review is one which by settled law (either written law or the common law) is non-justiciable, eg, proceedings in Parliament (see art 63 of the Federal Constitution).”. [Penekanan ditambah] [34] Dalam kes Ta Wu Realty Sdn Bhd v Ketua Pengarah Hasil Dalam Negeri & Anor [2009] 1 MLJ 555 pula, Suriyadi JCA (pada ketika itu) yang menyampaikan keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan telah menyatakan seperti yang berikut: “… The inevitable outcome, after considering all the facts again, is that the leave application must be dismissed as no arguable case had been made out by the appellant. It will be pointless to grant leave, even if the appellant were to have sufficient interest over the matter, if it is crystal clear that its case is a hopeless one on its merits; or the appellant’s case rests only on non-justiciable issues.”. [Penekanan ditambah] [35] Selanjutnya, dalam kes WRP Asia Pacific Sdn Bhd v Tenaga Nasional Bhd [2012] 4 MLJ 296, Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui penghakiman yang disampaikan oleh Suriyadi FCJ telah menyatakan seperti yang berikut: “… Without the need to go into depth of the abundant authorities, suffice if we state that leave may be granted if the leave application is not thought of as frivolous, and if leave is granted, an arguable case in favour of granting the relief sought at the substantive hearing may be the resultant outcome. A rider must be attached to the application though i.e. unless the matter for judicial review is amenable to judicial review absolutely no success may be envisaged.”. [Penekanan ditambah] [36] Berdasarkan nas-nas undang-undang dan alasan-alasan di atas, adalah menjadi dapatan Mahkamah ini bahawa kedua-dua permohonan untuk semakan kehakiman Pemohon-Pemohon tersebut adalah frivolous, vexatious dan tidak mempunyai merit untuk dihujahkan secara lebih lanjut pada peringkat substantif permohonan semakan kehakiman tersebut. Oleh itu, kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman tidak wajar dibenarkan. [37] Sebagai kesimpulan, berdasarkan alasan-alasan di atas, Mahkamah ini telah menolak keseluruhan permohonan kebenaran untuk semakan kehakiman bagi kedua-dua permohonan Pemohon-Pemohon tersebut terhadap Responden-Responden dengan tiada perintah mengenai kos termasuk permohonan perintah mandamus terhadap Responden Keempat dan Responden Kelima. Bertarikh : 31 Mei 2025 (DR. ARIK SANUSI BIN YEOP JOHARI) Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya, Kangar Negeri Perlis Peguam Cara Pihak-Pihak – Peguam Cara Pemohon: Encik Brian Foong Mun Loong (bersama Cik Eolanda Yeo Jin Huay dan Encik Muhammad Hiqmar Danial) Peguam Bela dan Peguam Cara Tetuan Cheang & Ariff Loke Mansion No.273A Jalan Medan Tuanku 50300 Kuala Lumpur Peguam bagi pihak Peguam Negara: Puan Nur Irmawatie Binti Daud (bersama Puan Nur Idayu Binti Amir) Peguam Kanan Persekutuan Jabatan Peguam Negara Bahagian Guaman No. 45 Persiaran Perdana Presint 4 62100 Putrajaya