The conduct of any party, or of any agent to any party, to any suit or proceeding in reference to that suit or proceeding, or in reference to any fact in issue therein or relevant thereto, and the conduct of any person an offence against whom is the subject of any proceeding, is relevant if the conduct influences or is influenced by any fact in issue or relevant fact, and whether it was previous or subsequent thereto.” [62] Di dalam kes Kong Seng Long v PP [2022] 1 LNS 1075, Mahkamah Rayuan telah menerima keterangan ini dan telah menyatakan: “[17] When confronted with this issue, PW5 testified during reexamination by the learned Deputy Public Prosecutor (“DPP”) that the Appellant was the one who gave information that the drugs were located on the floor in his room and PW5 had merely reduced the information in written form, i.e. P15. However, after PW5 and his team, together with the Appellant, had successfully entered the room, it was the Appellant himself who had picked up and handed over all the drugs to PW5. The learned JC accepted PW5’s explanation. The relevant part of the learned JC’s grounds of judgement is reproduced below: [73] From the notes of proceedings stated above, this court is of the view that any inconsistencies in PW 5’s evidence was explained in re-examination by the learned Deputy Public Prosecutor. Thus, the issue of inconsistency in PW5’s evidence in the view of this court does not have merit.” [18] In so holding, the learned JC cited the case of Wan Amirul Mubin bin Wan Kamaruddin v. PP [2017] 1 LNS 1478, in which His Lordship, Idrus Harun JCA (as he then was), in delivering the judgment of this court, held: “[28] It is at this stage important to state that the defence case in respect of both charges is one of a bare denial. As regards Exhibit P30 which contains the information under section 27 of the Evidence Act 1950, the Appellant flatly denied that he ever gave the information and signed it. It is hard to believe that the Appellant did not sign Exhibit P30 when the irrefragable evidence showed that PW7 had also signed a similar document in Exhibit P32 in which she denied knowledge or having possession of the drug found at the back of the house. His stance would not, in our judgment, go beyond a mere denial as to persuade us to accept his claim that he did not give the information. We would say that PW4 could not have discovered the prescribed drug if not for the information obtained from the Appellant. It is unthinkable that PW4 had fabricated evidence in view of the complete absence of any evidence or allegation by the Appellant that PW4 had made up a story regarding Exhibit P30. In fact, the Appellant admitted during cross examination that PW4, PW5 as well as PW7 had absolutely no reasons to lie about him. PW4 and PW5 were police officers who mere merely performing their duties and they had no reasons to lie or frame up the Appellant whom they said they did not know. The learned judge had accepted their evidence and we find no reasons whatsoever to interfere with the decision and the assessment of the evidence of PW4, PW5 and PW7 by the learned Judge. The learned Judge was perfectly entitled to accept the evidence of these witnesses whose credibility His Lordshop found to be impeccable.” [63] Dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Siew Yoke Keong v. P.P [2013] 4 CLJ 149, dadah-dadah berbahaya ditemui berdasarkan kunci yang ditunjukkan oleh Tertuduh dan rumah itu ditemukan berdasarkan pandu arah Tertuduh. YAA Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan memutuskan perbuatan itu adalah relevan dibawah seksyen 8 Akta 56. YAA Hakim merujuk kepada Prakash Chand v. State, AIR [1979], SC 400, yang diputuskan seperti berikut: “For example, the evidence of the circumstances, simpliciter, that an accused person led a police officer and pointed out the place where stolen articles or weapons which have been used in the commission of the offence were found hidden, would be admissible as conduct, under section 8 of the Evidence Act, irrespective of whether any information contemporaneously with or antecedent to any such conduct falls within the purview of section 27 of the Evidence Act (vide Himachal Pradesh Administration v. OM Prakash AIR [1972] SC 975).” [64] Selain itu, perbuatan OKT turut menjadi relevan dibawah seksyen 27 Akta 56. Seksyen 27 digubal seperti berikut: “(1) When any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence in the custody of a police officer, so much of that information, whether the information amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered may be proved.” [65] Rujukan juga dibuat kepada kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Siew Yoke Keong yang mana YAA Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan memutuskan seperti berikut: “In the light of the authorities referred to, we hold that information admissible under s.27 of the Evidence Act includes accused’s statement, or his act or conduct such as pointing out which leads distinctly to the discovery of a fact. For such information to be admissible in evidence, there is no duty on the prosecution to prove the voluntariness of the information. Hence it is not necessary to conduct a trial within a trial to determine the voluntariness of the information.” [66] Dalam kes Karam Din v. Emperor AIR 1929 Lahore 338, Harrison J memutuskan seperti berikut: “The test for admissibility under this section is in my opinion that the information has borne fruit in discovery and that it is clear that the discovery was the result of the receipt of the information. It is immaterial what may have been the nature of the channel of communication. It is immaterial whether the words spoken or written or the signs or the visible representations, which related distinctly to the fact thereby discovered, constituted the whole or only part of the speech, writing, picture etc.” [67] Justeru, berdasarkan keterangan diatas, Mahkamah mendapati OKT mempunyai jagaan dan kawalan terhadap kesemua bungkusan dadah berbahaya yang ditemui dalam 2 ruangan khas dalam Pajero itu. Memandangkan kesemua dadah berbahaya itu ditemui dalam ruangan khas, pihak Pendakwaan telah berjaya mengaktifkan anggapan dibawah seksyen 37(h) Akta 234 yang mana OKT dianggap tahu tentang dadah berbahaya yang disembunyikan dalam kedua-dua ruangan khas itu. INTIPATI KETIGA: Pengedaran dadah berbahaya [68] Tindakan OKT yang mengangkut (transporting) dadah dalam jumlah yang besar iaitu 22,082 gram dalam dua ruangan khas dalam Pajero itu adalah satu perbuatan pengedaran dadah berbahaya seperti ditakrifkan dibawah seksyen 3 Akta 234. Seksyen 3 Akta 234 memperuntukkkan seperti berikut: “trafficking” includes the doing of any of the following acts, that is to say, manufacturing, importing, exporting, keeping, concealing, buying, selling, giving, receiving, storing, administering, transporting, carrying, sending, delivering, procuring, supplying or distributing any dangerous drug otherwise than under the authority of this Act or the regulations made under the Act.” [69] Secara logik akalnya, tindakan OKT yang mengangkut 30 bungkusan bertulisan Guanyinwang yang mengandungi 22,082 gram dadah berbahaya Methamphetamine merupakan satu perbuatan pengedaran. Dengan jumlah yang begitu besar, adalah tidak munasabah kesemua dadah berbahaya itu adalah untuk self consumption. [70] Merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Persekutuan PP v. Abdul Manaf Muhamad Hassan [2006] 2 CLJ 129 yang memutuskan seperti berikut: “Judging from the manner the drug was being carried ie in small plastic packets and taking into account the total amount of the drug involved the reasonable inference that may be drawn is that the respondent was in fact carrying it for the purpose of trafficking. And bearing in mind the large quantity of the drug involved, it cannot be seriously contended that the drug was for his own consumption. In any event, it was never suggested in his defence that it was so. His defence was a mere denial that the drug was ever found on him. This was rejected by the learned trial judge. We are satisfied he was not just a passive carrier. Armed with these facts, we are satisfied that had the learned trial judge properly directed himself, he would none the less have come to the same finding.” [71] Dalam kes Mohamad Yazri Minhat v PP [2003] 2 CLJ 65, diputuskan seperti berikut: “Generally, in the absence of an express admission by the accused, the purpose which he did an act is a matter of inference from what he did. Thus, in a case of an accused caught in the act of conveying from one place to another controlled drugs in a quantity much larger than is likely needed for his own consumption, the inference that he was transporting them for the purpose of trafficking in them would in the absence of any plausible explanation by him, be irresistible even if there were no statutory presumption such as contained in s.15 of the Drugs Act. (Singapore Ong Ah Chuan) as a matter of common sense the larger the quantity of drugs involved, the stronger the inference that they were not intended for the personal consumption of the person carrying.” [72] Dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Teuku Nawardin Syamsuar v PP [2011] 3 CLJ 353 dimana Seksyen 2 Akta 234 telah diputuskan telah digunakan secara betul, yang mana YAA Hakim memutuskan seperti berikut: “[21] We find the learned Judge had considered all the elements that would amount to trafficking as charged. Apart from possession as deemed under s.37(d) s.2 of the DDA 1952 has been rightfully invoked where in the context of the case the prosecution could rely on the act of “keeping” and “carrying” to constitute trafficking. The appellant had arrived at the place of arrest from somewhere.” [73] Seterusnya dalam kes Johar Mustapha v PP [2009] 6 CLJ 193 telah diputuskan seperti berikut: “[40] Coming now to the element of trafficking, we are of the opinion that since the prosecution have already proved actual possession of the drugs by the appellant and as the weight of the prescribed drugs exceeded 200 grams (cannabis), the presumption of trafficking as provided in s.37(da) of the DDA ought to be invoked against the appellant. [41] In our respectful view, the act of the appellant in carrying or transporting a large quantity of drugs i.e, 19,152 grams of cannabis in the boot of his car amounted to the act of trafficking of the said drugs as defined under s.2 of the DDA 1952. [42] Section 2 of the DDA 1952 provides that: “trafficking” includes the doing of the following acts, that is to say, manufacturing, importing, exporting, keeping, concealing, buying, selling, giving, receiving, storing, administering, transporting, carrying, sending, delivering, procuring, supplying or distributing any dangerous drugs. (emphases added). [43] Therefore, in our judgment, looking at the totality of the evidence before the court, we conclude that there is abundant evidence to support a charge of trafficking, with or without resorting to the presumption of trafficking under s.37(da) of the DDA 1952.” [74] Tindakan OKT yang mengangkut 30 bungkusan bertulis Guanyinwang yang mengandungi 22,082 gram dadah berbahaya jenis Methamphetamine adalah satu kesalahan pengedaran dadah berbahaya seperti yang ditakrifkan dibawah seksyen 2 Akta 234. Dengan jumlah yang sebegitu besar, dadah berbahaya itu bukanlah untuk self consumption, namun, sememangnya adalah diangkut untuk tujuan pengedaran. Reaksi OKT Ketika Tangkapan [75] Menurut SP7, OKT memberikan kerjasama kepada pihak polis ketika serbuan. Dalam kes ini, dadah berbahaya itu disembunyikan secara licik. Orang yang munasabah (a reasonable man) tidak akan menemui dadah berbahaya itu atau tidak akan terfikir secara logik akalnya, bahawa tangki minyak telah diubah suai yang mana separuh ruangan telah dijadikan ruangan khas untuk menyembunyikan dadah berbahaya, manakala lantai dibahagian penumpang belakang telah ditebuk dan diwujudkan ruangan khas dibawahnya bagi tujuan yang sama. OKT telah dikepung dan tiada ruang untuk melarikan diri. Pada masa yang sama, dengan keadaan dadah itu disembunyikan dengan baik, maka tiada keperluan untuk OKT bertindak secara drastik (melawan atau cuba melarikan diri) sehingga boleh menimbulkan keraguan kepada pihak polis. [76] Dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Teh Hock Leong v PP [2010] 1 MLJ 741, diputuskan seperti berikut: “Of course, since the drugs were so cunningly concealed, there could be no necessity to take such drastic actions which may attract instant suspicion. So, against these circumstances, the appellant’s docile conduct throughout the period described could not have inferred an absence of knowledge of the said drugs. For this reason, there is no misdirection by the courts below.” [77] Merujuk kepada kes diatas, walaupun OKT memberikan kerjasama penuh kepada pihak polis, ia tidak menjurus kepada OKT tidak mempunyai pengetahuan terhadap dadah berbahaya yang disembunyikan itu. [78] Dalam kes Mahkamah Rayuan Loh Fung Nian v PP [2024] CLJU 1078 pula diputuskan seperti berikut: “[37] It was further submitted by the learned counsel for the accused that the accused did not make any attempt to run away from the immigration officers or the police officers. Hence, the inference may be made in favour of the accused that he did not know that what he was carrying was dangerous drugs. With respect, we are constrained to say that these argument does not hold enough weight to overcome our evaluation of all the evidence in totality. [38] Even though there was no attempt made to flee but that does not necessarily mean that he did not know the existence of the impugned drugs. The short answer to this point is that the accused had no opportunity to do so as he was suddenly surrounded by SP3 and other enforcement officers. Any escape attempt may have been futile. [79] Seterusnya dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan PP v Herlina Purnama Sari [2016] CLJU 1855 pula diputuskan seperti berikut: [37] The second error was the trial judge’s finding that to constitute trafficking the mens rea possession must be accompanied by some overt act by the respondent. It is unfortunate that the Court of Appeal had also committed a similar error in agreeing with the finding of the trial judge by holding that “without any evidence that would show an overt act of one or other of the kind specified in the definition of trafficking in s.2 of Act 234 or specifically of conveying, transporting, carrying, moving or promoting from one place to another in the sense of doing so to promote the distribution of the drug to another”, the respondent could not be a trafficker but merely had passive possession of the impugned drugs. [38] With respect, the proposition that there must be in all cases an overt act in order to constitute trafficking is misconceived., It would be contrary to the definition of trafficking as provided for under s.2 of the Act. In the present case, there is no dispute that the respondent did not try to do anything, when she was approached by PW4, to disassociate herself with the impugned drugs.” [80] Malah, YAA Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Herlina menyatakan memandangkan dadah itu disembunyikan dengan baik, ia menunjukkan Herlina mempunyai pengetahuan terhadap dadah itu dan membuktikan niat dan perancangan rapi oleh Herlina untuk menyembunyikan dadah itu bagi mengelakkan dadah itu berjaya dikesan oleh pihak berkuasa. Kegagalan Memanggil Mohd Anuar [81] Menurut keterangan pihak pendakwaan, Mohd Anuar merupakan individu yang membeli Pajero itu. Kemudian, SP7 telah menangkap OKT yang memandu Pajero itu bersama dua ruangan khas yang baru diwujudkan. Seksyen 37(h) Akta 2 terpakai kepada OKT yang mana dia merupakan individu yang memandu Pajero itu pada masa material. [82] Mahkamah berpendapat tiada individu yang akan meletakkan kesemua dadah berbahaya yang bernilai sebegitu tinggi (berdasarkan kuantiti yang begitu banyak) itu ke dalam kereta lain, melainkan orang itu turut terlibat dengan pengedaran dadah itu., Justeru, hanya wujud satu inferens iaitu OKT turut terlibat dalam sindiket pengedaran dadah itu. Tambahan pula, Mohd Anuar telah melarikan diri dan gagal dikesan oleh Pihak Polis selepas OKT ditangkap. [83] Tiada pengedar dadah yang munasabah akan menggunakan kenderaan yang didaftarkan atas namanya untuk mengangkut dadah berbahaya. Justeru, adakah undang-undang perlu kekal rigid sehinggakan pengedar dadah yang menggunakan taktik sebegini terlepas dari hukuman? Pendekatan secara common sense perlu digunapakai bagi mengekang tindakan licik pengedar dadah. [84] Secara umumnya, dengan ketiadaan admission dari orang kena tuduh, tujuan perbuatannya itu boleh dilihat secara inferens kepada apa yang dilakukannya. Justeru, dalam kes dimana orang kena tuduh ditangkap mengangkut dadah dengan jumlah yang besar (bukan untuk self consumption), inferensnya adalah dia mengangkut dadah itu untuk tujuan pengedaran. [85] Malah dalam kes PP v Ouseng Sama-Ee [2008] 1 CLJ 337, mahkamah memutuskan jumlah dadah sebanyak 2 kilogram adalah melampaui jumlah penggunaan peribadi, Dengan ketiadaan penjelasan yang munasabah dari orang kena tuduh, adalah menjadi fair inference bahawa kesemua dadah itu adalah untuk diedarkan kepada seseorang, samada dikenali atau tidak dikenali oleh orang kena tuduh. Kesimpulan di akhir kes pendakwaan [86] Adalah menjadi kewajipan mahkamah ini untuk menilai keterangan yang dikemukakan dengan penilaian maksima dan menelitinya secara terperinci, merujuk kepada PP v Mohd Radzi Bin Abu Bakar (supra). Setelah meneliti dan menilai kesemua keterangan yang dikemukakan oleh pihak pendakwaan pada tahap penilaian maksima, saya berpuas hati bahawa pihak pendakwaan telah mengemukakan keterangan yang kukuh (credible) untuk membuktikan setiap intipati pertuduhan di bawah Seksyen 39B(1)(a) ADB 1952 iaitu OKT adalah mempunyai milikan terhadap dadah tersebut, dadah tersenarai di bawah Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 dan OKT telah mengedar dadah tersebut. [87] Saya memutuskan bahawa pihak pendakwaan telah berjaya membuktikan satu kes prima facie terhadap OKT sepertimana diperuntukkan di bawah Seksyen 180(4) Kanun Tatacara Jenayah. [88] OKT dengan ini dipanggil untuk membela diri. Sehubungan dengan kehendak Seksyen 173(ha) Kanun Tatacara Jenayah, OKT telah diperjelaskan tentang 3 pilihan tersebut dan OKT telah memilih untuk memberi keterangan secara bersumpah di dalam kandang saksi. Kes Pembelaan [89] Saksi-saksi semasa kes Pembelaan ialah: