There shall be a rebuttable presumption that it is for the good of a child below the age of seven years to be with his or her mother but in deciding whether that presumption applies to the facts of any particular case, the court shall have regard to the undesirability of disturbing the life of a child by changes of custody. [26] Dalam permohonan ini, Mahkamah memberi perhatian bahawa apa yang sebenarnya berlaku adalah pada bila-bila masa Plaintif rasa hendak membawa balik kanak-kanak tersebut daripada Defendan, Plaintif akan datang untuk bawa balik dan Defendan tidak akan membantah sebab Plaintif sebagai ayah mempunyai hak terhadap anak tersebut juga. Tiada apa-apa persetujuan diantara Plaintif dan Defendan berkenaan penjagaan bersilih ganti. [27] Plaintif telah membawa kanak-kanak tersebut pada 10.12.2022 ke Ipoh dan tidak beritahu Defendan yang Plaintif telah mendaftarkan kanak-kanak tersebut di Tadika Big Apple, Ipoh. Hanya selepas beberapa pesanan ringkas yang dihantar oleh Defendan baru Defendan dapat tahu yang anak tersebut didaftarkan di Big Apple Ipoh. Kesemua keputusan dibuat oleh Plaintif sahaja dan Plaintif tidak berbincang dengan Defendan. [28] Plaintif telah membawa kanak-kanak tersebut secara paksa pada 10.12.2022 di mana pada masa itu kanak-kanak tersebut berada dengan Defendan dan akibat kanak-kanak tersebut dibawa dengan paksa, Defendan telah meminta Plaintif untuk menghantar balik kanak-kanak tersebut pada 20.01.2023 kerana Defendan hendak menyambut harijadi kanak-kanak tersebut dan selepas menyambut harijadinya anak tersebut pada 24.1.2023, Plaintif telah membawa balik kanak-kanak tersebut atas dasar anak tersebut ada tadika untuk dihadiri. [29] Sejak 30.1.2023 hak jagaan kanak-kanak tersebut diambil alih oleh Defendan hingga ke sekarang anak tersebut dijaga dengan baik dari segala segi. Plaintif pula hanya pulang ke Ipoh pada hari minggu dan ibu bapa Plaintif akan membawa anak tersebut daripada rumah ibu bapa Defendan. Setelah menghabiskan hari minggu dengan anak tersebut, Plaintif balik ke Kuala Lumpur dan Defendan akan pergi ambil dari rumah ibu bapa Plaintif dan ini yang berlaku sejak 30.1.2023 hingga sekarang. [30] Berdasarkan kepada keadaan di atas Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa adalah baik kanak-kanak yang berumur di bawah 7 tahun berada di bawah jagaan, kawalan dan pemeliharaan ibu kerana bukan setakat undang-undang yang ada, memang keadaan semula jadi ibu merupakan insan yang paling baik dan sempurna untuk menjaga kanak-kanak yang berumur di bawah 7 tahun. Pada peringkat umur ini lah di mana kanak-kanak-kanak sangat memerlukan kasih sayang seorang ibu jika dibandingkan dengan bapa atau ahli keluarga yang lain. [31] Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Teh Eng Kim v. Yew Peng Siong [1977] CLJU 138 The youngest child, Bernard, is of tender years. In my opinion, his place right now is with the mother. "No thing, and no person," said Sir John Romilly MR, in the case of Austin v. Austin [1865] 35 Beav 259 263 "and no combination of them, can, in my opinion, with regard to a child of tender years, supply the place of a mother, and the welfare of the child is so intimately connected with its being under the care of the mother, that no extent of kindness on the part of any other person can supply that place.." This view has found judicial favour in many jurisdictions: in Australia, for example, in Kades v. Kades,(4) the High Court, in a joint judgment stated: "What is left is the strong presumption which is not one of law but is founded on experience and upon the nature of ordinary human relationships, that a young girl, should have the love, care and attention of the child's mother and that her upbringing should be the responsibility of her mother, if it is not possible to have the responsibility of both parents living together." In Canada, Muloch CJ in Re Orr [1973] 2 DLR 77 commented that, "In the case of a father and mother living apart and each claiming the custody of a child, the general rule is that the mother, other things being equal, is entitled to the custody and care of a child during what is called the period of nurture, namely, until it attains about seven years of age, the time during which it needs the care of the mother more than that of the father” (penekanan diberikan) [32] Dalam kes Lim Fang Keng v. Toh Kin Choo [1995] 4 CLJ 733 Mahkamah telah membuat keputusan seperti berikut: The Court will not deny reality that a mother not as a matter of law but in the ordinary course of nature is the right person to have charge of young children (Sir John Pennyquick in Re K (Minors) [1977] Fam. 179). In cases of custody without beating around the bush the real point is whether the children are to be deprived of the love, care and devotion of their natural mother considering their tender age (Re KO [1956] 1 LNS 103. Wan Yahya J (as he then was) in[1985] 1 LNS 135;[1986] 2 MLJ 216 came strongly for mothers when His Lordship remarked: Even going on the assumption that both parents are equally capable of providing the care, comfort and attention to the infant, the Courts have always leaned in favour of the mother being given custody of young infants. The reason is very obvious. An infant of tender age is by nature more physically and spiritually dependent on its own mother than anyone else. [33] Seterusnya dalam kes W v. H 1986 2 CLJ rep 763 Mahkamah berkaitan telah menegaskan seperti berikut: The reasons why the law in its wisdom insists that de facto care, control and custody of children under the age of 7 years should be given to the mother have been dealt with in a number of cases. Lindley LJ said in Re McGrath (infants) [1893] 1 Ch 143 that "the welfare of a child is not to be measured by money only or by physical comfort only. The word 'welfare' must be taken in its widest sense. The moral and religious welfare of the child must be considered as well as its physical well-being. Nor can the ties of affection be disregarded. In Re S (an infant) [1958] 1 All ER 783 at page 786 last paragraph Roxburgh J said: I only say this: This prima facie rule (which is now quite clearly settled) is that, other things being equal, children of this tender age should be with their mother and where a Court gives the custody of a child at this tender age to the father, it is incumbent on him to make sure that there really are sufficient reasons to exclude the prima facie rule. He was dealing with a boy of aged 3 plus. In McGrath's case the 5 children were aged between 16 and 6 and the issue was a religious dispute as to whether the children who were orphans should be brought up in the Catholic or the Protestant faith. Re B [1962] 1 All ER 872 is a case of a boy of 4 whose mother left home. Evershed MR said at page 873 that there is no rule of law that a child of tender age should remain with the mother. "Every case must plainly be determined on the particular circumstances affecting that case; though it is of course, true to say that as a matter of human sense a young child is better with his mother and needs a mother's care." Harman J Said: True it is that the Chancery Judges... have in past years rather taken the view that so long as a child young enough to need the day to day care of his her mother, it is better to leave the child with the mother unless the mother is an entirely unsuitable person. Donovan LJ said:- Prima facie a child of his age ought to remain with his mother and strong grounds are required to justify taking it away. I agree that there is no rule of law to that effect but certainly it is the natural law and one that should if possible prevail. (Dissenting judgment). In Re C [1966] 1 All ER 838 psychiatric evidence is given on the effect of transferring a child from one home to another at p. 844. Re O [1971] 2 All ER 744 was an appeal by a mother from a Magistrate's order giving custody of all 3 children aged 7, 5 and 3 to the father. The order was reversed by the Court of Appeal. At p. 746a Davies LJ said: It is a strong thing to move little children and especially little girls, and one of these children is a very little girl, from the care of their mother. But obviously the care and supervision that a mother, who is not out at work can give to little children is a very important factor in all these custody cases. [34] Begitu juga dalam kes K Shanta Kumari v. Vijayan [1985] 1 LNS 135 di mana telah diputuskan seperti berikut: Even going on the assumption that both parents are equally capable of providing the care, comfort and attention to the infant, the Courts have always leaned in favour of the mother being given custody of young infants. The reason is very obvious. An infant of tender age is by nature more physically and spiritually dependant on its own mother than anyone else. In Kades v Kades (1961) 35 ALJR 251 the High Court in a joint judgment stated: "What is left is the strong presumption which is not one of law but is founded on experience and upon the nature of ordinary human relationships, that a young girl, should have the love, care and attention of the child's mother and that her upbringing should be the responsibility of her mother, if it is not possible to have the responsibility of both parents living together." [35] Mahkamah juga memberikan perhatian bahawa Mahkamah-Mahkamah yang mendengar permohonan sebegini akan lebih cenderung atau memihak kepada ibu untuk diberikan hak jagaan, kawalan dan pemeliharaan kanak-kanak yang berumur kurang dari 7 tahun. Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa kanak-kanak adalah berhak mendapat kasih sayang dari seorang ibu yang mana tidak ada orang lain yang dapat berbuat demikian. [36] Dalam permohonan ini, kanak-kanak yang terlibat adalah seorang perempuan yang berumur dalam linkungan 5 tahun di mana kanak-kanak ini akan merasa lebih senang dan gembira di dalam jagaan Defendan yang merupakan ibu kandung kanak-kanak tersebut jika dibandingkan dengan bapa yang akan meninggalkan kanak-kanak tersebut di dalam jagaan nenek apabila Plaintif bekerja di Kuala Lumpur. Dalam kes Yong May Inn V. Sia Kuan Seng [1970] 1 LNS 176 telah diputuskan bahawa: Sharma J in granting custody of three children to their mother held that: They have a right to their mother's love and affection and no one can do what a mother can do for her children.... ... The children are all girls and although it is not absolutely essential that they should remain in the custody and care of their mother, they are bound to feel freeier in her company than in the company of their father and more particularly so when one of them is reaching an age when she may need the advice of her mother most. [37] Dalam kes Helen Ho Quee Neo V. Lim Pui Heng [1974] 1 LNS 48 telah diputuskan seperti berikut: The Singapore Court of Appeal held: In our judgment, having considered all the facts, both disputed and otherwise, the proper order to make was to reverse the order for custody made by the judge and order that the appellant should have custody, including care and control over the child and responsibility for its upbringing. This would ensure that during his tender years he would have the benefit of being brought up by his own mother as opposed to being brought up in a haphazard way by others to whom the respondent might feel disposed to entrust his upbringing. [38] Dalam permohonan ini, Plaintif adalah seorang doktor dan Plaintif mengatakan bahawa kanak-kanak tersebut akan di jaga oleh ibu dan bapa Plaintif apabila Plaintif bekerja. Manakala Defendan merupakan seorang surirumah dan tidak bekerja. Ini bermakna Defendan dapat meluangkan masa seharian dengan kanak-kanak tersebut jika dibandingkan dengan Plaintif. Sekiranya kanak-kanak tersebut dijaga dan diperlihara oleh neneknya (ibu Plaintif), kasih sayang dan keikhlasan yang diberikan oleh nenek untuk menjaga kanak-kanak tersebut tidak akan sama dengan kasih sayang yang telah dan akan diberikan oleh Defendan. Dalam kes B Ravandran Balan v. Maliga Mani Pillai [1995] 1 LNS 21 Mahkamah telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “The petitioner contended that if he is given the custody of the children, he would get his mother to look after them. In addition thereto he would get his niece who is not married to take care of them. The petitioner himself being a busy businessman, in my view, could not effectively spend much time to look after the children. Neither could his unmarried niece look after them indefinitely. She would one day get married and has a family of her own. Because of her age, I doubt whether the petitioner's mother could really take care of the children. In any event she did not say that she was prepared to take care of them either. On the other hand, the respondent is not working and could spend more time to look after the needs of the children and to shower her love and care for them. I do not think the love and care of the unmarried niece or for that matter of the grandmother would be the same as that of the natural mother! The four children have been living with the respondent all these years and I do not think it is appropriate that their togetherness should be disturbed because of the matrimonial problems of their parents. They are still very young. However, I am not suggesting that the petitioner has no love for his children. He has the financial means to make them happy but that is not the criteria for my consideration on the custody issue”. (penekanan diberikan) [39] Tidak ketinggalan Mahkamah menggunapakai seksyen 100 Akta 164 yang mana Mahkamah telah meminta bantuan Pegawai Akhlak dari Jabatan Kabajikan Masyarakat, Kerian, Perak menyediakan laporan sosial tentang kebajikan kanak-kanak tersebut sama ada hak jagaan, pemeliharaan dan kawalan sesuai diberikan kepada Defendan atau Plaintif. Di antara laporan yang disediakan adalah seperti berikut: “6.1 …Anak Plaintif dilihat tidak mesra dengannya, hanya berkomunikasi setelah dipujuk dan tidak suka jika Plaintif dekat dengannya.