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1 DALAM MAHKAMAH RAYUAN MALAYSIA (BIDANG KUASA RAYUAN) RAYUAN SIVIL NO: P-02(NCVC)(W)-338-03/2023 ANTARA EKO PROPERTY HOLDINGS SDN BHD (NO. SYARIKAT: 952278-V) … PERAYU
P-02(NCvC)(W)-338-03/2023
Court of Appeal of Malaysia5 Mar 2024
The written judgment as the court issued it, with the coram, case number, and source links. Every paragraph has its own anchor.
What the court ordered
Citations and treatment detected automatically from later judgments and the authorities this decision relies on.
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Earlier cases and laws this decision relies on
“n Yeong Ah Chee v Lee Chong Hai, the Court went so far as to suggest that the concept of the bare trust in a vendor and purchaser situation applied under the Malaysian Torrens System by virtue of the Civil Law Act 1956. [55] We find the Yeong Ah Chee case is important for what was said by learned Justice Peh Swee Chin”
“innocent buyer who is a bona fide purchaser for value without notice stands to lose out), several exceptions to nemo dat rule were developed at common law and also have been added by statute (Sale of Goods Act 1957). One of the exceptions to nemo dat rule is when the innocent purchaser pleads estoppel by asserting that”
“onsistent with his indefeasible title. If the registered proprietor were a trustee, his indefeasible title would not have precluded intervention by the Court in execution of the trust: under the then Land Code [1935] CLJU 66; [1935] 1 LNS 66 there was no express provision for registration as trustee. The indefeasible t”
“a memutuskan sepertimana berikut: Dr David Wong in Tenure and Land Dealings in the Malay States, at p 361, says: Forgery as a ground for vitiating a registered title, as set out in s 340(2)(b) of the Malaysian National Land Code, marks a focal point of difference between the Malaysian Torrens system and those where Fra”
“ja iaitu: a. Sama ada prinsip Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet mengatasi Seksyen 340 Kanun Tanah Negara (Disemak-2020) dalam rayuan ini? [Does the principle of Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet prevail over Section 340 National Land Code (Revised 2020)]? [3] Untuk memudahkan sebutan dalam rayuan ini, pihak-pihak akan dirujuk sama seperti”
“ns system, was of the Board in Frazer v. Walker. In Zdrojkowski v. Pacholczak [1959] NSW 382 it was said (at p. 390): The principles relating to the indefeasibility of the title to the land under the Real Property Act on the one hand and the right to rectify documents, which erroneously state the interest to which part”
“uch, no adverse claim (except as specifically admitted) may be brought against him. [20] Indefeasibility can be immediate or deferred. The distinction between the two is well explained in para 404 of The National Land Code, A Commentary (Vol 2) by Judith Sihombing which reads: There are two types of indefeasibility; im”
“rens system and those where Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569 applies. And at p 362, he goes on to say: It will be realised that ‘forgery’ under the Malaysian provision is a distinct ground on its own. The Singapore Land Titles Act (Cap 276), also expressly sets out ‘forgery’ as an exception to indefeasibility, but place”
“ed in the Courts of New Zealand and Australia: see for example Boyd v. Mayor, etc of Wellington **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal 13 [1924] NZLR 1174, 1223 and Tataurangi Tairuakena v. Mua Carr [1927] NZLR 688, 702. It is worth noting that Sir Garfield Bar”
“e Boyd v. Mayor, etc of Wellington **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal 13 [1924] NZLR 1174, 1223 and Tataurangi Tairuakena v. Mua Carr [1927] NZLR 688, 702. It is worth noting that Sir Garfield Barwick, who would have intimate experience of the Torrens syste”
“with his indefeasible title. If the registered proprietor were a trustee, his indefeasible title would not have precluded intervention by the Court in execution of the trust: under the then Land Code [1935] CLJU 66; [1935] 1 LNS 66 there was no express provision for registration as trustee. The indefeasible title would”
“l Property Act on the one hand and the right to rectify documents, which erroneously state the interest to which parties were entitled on the other, do not conflict in any way. In Wilkins v. Kannamal [1951] MLJ 99 it was said that the Torrens law is a system of conveyancing; it does not abrogate the principles of equit”
“a Carr [1927] NZLR 688, 702. It is worth noting that Sir Garfield Barwick, who would have intimate experience of the Torrens system, was of the Board in Frazer v. Walker. In Zdrojkowski v. Pacholczak [1959] NSW 382 it was said (at p. 390): The principles relating to the indefeasibility of the title to the land under th”
“ant contends, where there is not merely a question of competitive claims to the title, but a relationship between the parties justifying intervention by equity acting in personam. In Frazer v. Walker [1967] AC 569 in delivering the judgment of the Board on an appeal from New Zealand in a Torrens system case, Lord Wilbe”
“efeasibility of title. This is central to the system of registration of title under the Torrens system. Raja Azlan Shah (as His Royal Highness then was) in PTJV Denson (M) Sdn Bhd v. Roxy (M) Sdn Bhd [1980] CLJU 55; [1980] 1 LNS 55 observed that 'the concept of indefeasibility of title is so deeply embedded in our land”
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Content
1 DALAM MAHKAMAH RAYUAN MALAYSIA (BIDANG KUASA RAYUAN) RAYUAN SIVIL NO: P-02(NCVC)(W)-338-03/2023 ANTARA EKO PROPERTY HOLDINGS SDN BHD (NO. SYARIKAT: 952278-V) … PERAYU
1
SOO JIA XUAN
2
SOO YAM HOONG (NO. K/P: 551008-07-5287) … RESPONDEN-RESPONDEN (Dalam Perkara Mengenai Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Pulau Pinang
1
Soo Jia Xuan (No. K/P: 840903-07-5700)
2
Soo Yam Hoong (No. K/P: 551008-07-5287) ... Plaintif-Plaintif
1
Alor Vista Sdn Bhd (dalam penggulungan) (No. Syarikat: 460221-U)
2
Eko Property Holdings Sdn Bhd (No. Syarikat: 952278-V) ... Defendan-Defendan) 07/01/2025 16:26:50 P-02(NCvC)(W)-338-03/2023 Kand. 33 KORAM HANIPAH BINTI FARIKULLAH, HMR CHE MOHD RUZIMA BIN GHAZALI, HMR AZHAHARI KAMAL BIN RAMLI, HMR PENGHAKIMAN Pendahuluan [1] Rayuan ini berbangkit daripada suatu urusan jual beli hartanah di antara pembeli-pembeli dan pemaju perumahan. Pembeli-pembeli mendakwa bahawa pemaju telah gagal memenuhi kehendak perjanjian jual beli bertarikh 1.10.2007 yang menghendaki nama mereka didaftarkan dalam daftar hak milik setelah geran atau hak milik strata dikeluarkan. Pemaju sebaliknya telah menjual semula hartanah yang mereka beli walaupun keseluruhan harga jual beli telah pun dilunaskan. Terkilan dengan tindakan pemaju, pembeli-pembeli menuntut keadilan di Mahkamah. Dalam tuntutan mereka, Soo Jia Xuan (plaintif pertama/responden pertama) dan Soo Yam Hoong (plaintif kedua/responden kedua) telah memohon untuk mendapatkan dua perintah deklarasi dan beberapa perintah susulan berhubung dengan hak milik dua hartanah yang dibeli daripada Alor Vista Sdn Bhd - dalam penggulungan (defendan pertama) dan didaftarkan atas nama Eko Property Holdings Sdn Bhd (defendan kedua/perayu). Di akhir perbicaraan penuh, Yang Arif Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman (YA PK) di Mahkamah Tinggi Pulau Pinang memutuskan untuk membenarkan tuntutan plaintif pertama/responden pertama dan plaintif kedua/responden kedua. Dalam keputusan yang sama, YA PK turut menolak tuntutan balas yang dikemukakan defendan kedua/perayu. Terkilan dengan keputusan YA PK, defendan kedua/perayu merayu ke Mahkamah ini. Setelah mendengar dan menimbang rayuan defendan kedua/perayu, kami memutuskan untuk menolak rayuan tersebut. Terkilan dengan keputusan kami, defendan kedua/perayu mengemukakan Notis Usul untuk memohon kebenaran merayu ke Mahkamah Persekutuan. [2] Melalui satu perintah bertarikh 10.9.2024, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah membenarkan permohonan defendan kedua/perayu untuk merayu. Dalam perintah tersebut, defendan kedua/perayu diberi kebenaran merayu ke Mahkamah Persekutuan terhadap keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan berasaskan hanya satu persoalan undang-undang sahaja iaitu: a. Sama ada prinsip Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet mengatasi Seksyen 340 Kanun Tanah Negara (Disemak-2020) dalam rayuan ini? [Does the principle of Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet prevail over Section 340 National Land Code (Revised 2020)]? [3] Untuk memudahkan sebutan dalam rayuan ini, pihak-pihak akan dirujuk sama seperti di Mahkamah Tinggi, iaitu plaintif-plaintif dan defendan-defendan. Secara individu, defendan pertama akan disebut sebagai D1 dan defendan kedua sebagai D2. Ringkasan Latar Belakang Tindakan [4] Pada 1.10.2007, plaintif-plaintif telah menandatangani dua perjanjian jual beli (PJB 2007) dengan D1 untuk membeli dua unit lot kedai. Lot kedai pertama dipegang di bawah Hak Milik Strata No. Geran 71456/M3/1/623, Lot No. 10131, Mukim No. 13, Daerah Timur Laut, Negeri Pulau Pinang yang dikenali sebagai No. 14-01-13, Taman Alor Vista, Lebuh Relau, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang (Lot 13) pada harga RM180,000.00. Manakala lot kedai kedua dipegang di bawah Hak Milik Strata No. Geran 71456/M3/1/624, Lot No. 10131, Mukim No. 13, Daerah Timur Laut, Negeri Pulau Pinang yang dikenali sebagai No. 14-01-14, Taman Alor Vista, Lebuh Relau, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang (Lot 14) juga pada harga RM180,000.00. [5] PJB 2007 antara plaintif-plaintif dan D1 telah ditandatangani oleh Chew Kee Siew (SP2) bagi pihak pemilik tanah dan mendiang Dato’ Tan Ewe Kwang @ Alex Tan (mendiang DAT) bagi pihak D1 iaitu pemaju perumahan sebagai vendor. Menurut plaintif-plaintif, mendiang DAT ada memaklumkan kepada mereka bahawa hak milik strata masih belum ada pada masa perjanjian ditandatangani dan D1 berjanji akan mendaftarkan nama mereka setelah hak milik strata dikeluarkan. Atas akujanji tersebut, plaintif-plaintif telah membayar harga pembelian Lot 13 dan Lot 14 secara penuh dan telah memperoleh milikan kosong kedua-dua hartanah tersebut daripada D1 pada bulan Disember tahun 2007. [6] Setelah mendapat milikan kosong, mereka menjalankan kerja-kerja ubahsuai dan kemudiannya memasuki serta menghuni Lot 13 dan Lot 14 dengan menjalankan perniagaan perabut. Mereka juga telah membayar cukai taksiran dan semua bil-bil berkenaan yang lain, termasuklah caj perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan bangunan dan wang caruman kepada kumpulan wang penjelas untuk kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. Selanjutnya, plaintif-plaintif telah menyewakan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada pihak penyewa dan telah menerima semua hasil sewaan daripada pihak penyewa. Kedua-dua Lot 13 dan Lot 14 masih disewakan oleh plaintif-plaintif kepada pihak penyewa semasa plaintif-plaintif memfailkan tindakan terhadap D1 dan D2. [7] Hanya pada sekitar tahun 2015 plaintif-plaintif mendapat maklum bahawa Lot 13 dan Lot 14 telah dimiliki oleh orang lain. Plaintif-plaintif segera membuat carian ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 di Pejabat Tanah dan terkejut apabila mendapati kedua-dua hartanah tersebut telah dipindah milik oleh D1 dan didaftarkan di atas nama D2 pada 15.10.2014 tanpa pengetahuan mereka. Plaintif-plaintif telah membuat laporan polis dan memasukkan kaveat persendirian ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 untuk mengekalkan status quo kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. D2 ada mengemukakan permohonan ke Mahkamah Tinggi untuk mengetepikan kaveat-kaveat tersebut tetapi gagal berbuat demikian. [8] Plaintif-plaintif mengambil tindakan terhadap defendan-defendan untuk mendapatkan kembali hak milik Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Asas tindakan plaintif-plaintif terhadap D1 adalah pemecahan kontrak, frod, salah nyata secara menipu, pengayaan diri secara tidak adil dan turut bergantung kepada prinsip Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet (prinsip nemo dat). Terhadap D2 pula, plaintif-plaintif mendakwa D2 terlibat dengan urus niaga yang tidak sah dan secara frod tidak menghiraukan kepentingan plaintif-plaintif walaupun tahu Lot 13 dan Lot 14 sedang disewakan dan dihuni oleh penyewa plaintif-plaintif. Oleh itu, D2 mempunyai pengetahuan secara konstruktif akan kepentingan plaintif-plaintif ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Keputusan Mahkamah Tinggi [9] YA PK menganalisis dan menjawab tiga isu yang berbangkit. Untuk isu yang pertama, iaitu sama ada plaintif-plaintif telah memasuki PJB 2007 dengan D1, YA PK berpuas hati dengan kewujudan, kesahihan dan ketulenan PJB 2007 setelah mengambil kira semua faktor berdasarkan keterangan yang ada. Berkait dengan kapasiti mendiang DAT mewakili D1 menandatangani PJB 2007, YA PK mendapati bahawa ada keterangan daripada SP2, iaitu Pengurus Projek D1, yang menyatakan mendiang DAT adalah ‘minda yang mengawal’ D1 pada ketika tersebut. [10] Untuk isu kedua, iaitu sama ada plaintif-plaintif telah membayar sepenuhnya harga belian Lot 13 dan Lot 14 untuk melayakkan mereka menjadi pemilik benefisial, YA PK berpandangan bahawa keterangan secara nyata menunjukkan plaintif-plaintif telah menjelaskan sepenuhnya baki pembayaran pembelian kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. Walaupun terdapat perbezaan keterangan berkaitan masa pembayaran dibuat, YA PK mendapati ianya bolehlah dianggap sebagai suatu percanggahan kecil yang tidak menjejaskan asas tuntutan plaintif-plaintif. Selain itu, ada cukup keterangan yang menunjukkan D1 telah menyerahkan milikan kosong Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada plaintif-plaintif. Berasaskan fakta tersebut, YA PK mendapati plaintif-plaintif adalah pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Menurut prinsip pemilikan benefisial, plaintif-plaintif akan menikmati manfaat sebagai pemilik sebenar harta yang dibeli walaupun mereka masih belum menjadi pemilik berdaftar. D1 tidak mempunyai sebarang kuasa di bawah undang-undang untuk memasuki sebarang perjanjian berikutnya dengan D2 kerana instrumen tersebut adalah terbatal dan tidak sah ab initio. [11] Akhirnya untuk isu ketiga, iaitu mengenai status D2 sebagai pembeli bona fide Lot 13 dan Lot 14 dan kesannya menurut s 340 Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN), YA PK berpandangan bahawa pertikaian plaintif-plaintif ke atas hak milik yang diperoleh D2 adalah bermerit. Hak milik yang diperoleh D2 boleh disangkal kerana adanya elemen frod yang dilakukan D1 semasa menjual semula Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D2. YA PK juga mendapati prinsip nemo dat terpakai terhadap D2 kerana D1 sebagai pemegang amanah semata-mata (bare trustee) ke atas kedua-dua hartanah tersebut bersandarkan kepada PJB 2007 yang dimasuki dengan plaintif-plaintif. YA PK berpandangan bahawa mana-mana pelaksanaan urus niaga yang berikutnya oleh D1 berkaitan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 akan dianggap batal dan tidak sah ab initio. [12] Berdasarkan jawapan kepada ketiga-tiga isu yang berbangkit tersebut, YA PK telah memutuskan bahawa di atas imbangan kebarangkalian plaintif-plaintif berjaya membuktikan tuntutan mereka terhadap defendan-defendan. Tuntutan plaintif-plaintif terhadap defendan-defendan dibenarkan dengan kos dan tuntutan balas D2 ditolak tanpa kos. Rayuan di Hadapan Kami [13] D2 merayu terhadap keseluruhan keputusan YA PK. D2 menyenaraikan sebelas alasan dalam Memorandum Rayuan untuk menyanggah keputusan YA PK. Namun begitu, semasa berhujah di hadapan kami, peguam terpelajar D2 fokus kepada tiga isu utama iaitu pertama, isu mengenai status plaintif-plaintif sebagai pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Di bawah isu ini, peguam terpelajar D2 membangkitkan 5 isu sampingan untuk menyokong isu pertama. Isu sampingan tersebut adalah mengenai pembuktian pembayaran penuh harga pembelian Lot 13 dan Lot 14 oleh plaintif-plaintif kepada D1, percanggahan keterangan oleh plaintif-plaintif berkaitan dengan pembayaran harga belian Lot 13 dan Lot 14, ketiadaan keterangan yang menunjukkan pembayaran secara tunai telah dibuat, kewujudan dua versi berhubung dengan PJB 2007 dan akhirnya penyaksian plaintif-plaintif dalam keterangan tidaklah boleh dipercayai. Kedua, isu berkaitan dengan doktrin ‘laches’ iaitu kelewatan plaintif-plaintif mengambil tindakan bagi memastikan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 didaftarkan atas nama mereka. Akhirnya, isu ketiga adalah mengenai kegagalan plaintif-plaintif mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga yang munasabah untuk memastikan nama mereka didaftarkan sebagai pemilik sebaik sahaja hak milik strata dikeluarkan. [14] Peguam terpelajar plaintif-plaintif sebaliknya berhujah bahawa rayuan D2 hendaklah ditolak. YA PK tidak melakukan kesilapan apabila memutuskan bahawa plaintif-plaintif adalah pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14 berdasarkan kepada fakta yang ada. Keterangan secara jelas menunjukkan bahawa D1 telah menjual Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada plaintif-plaintif dan telah pun menerima keseluruhan harga jualan. D1 hanyalah merupakan pemegang amanah semata-mata bagi pihak plaintif-plaintif dan tidak ada sebarang hak, kepentingan atau kuasa untuk menjual Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D2 atas prinsip nemo dat. Turut dihujahkan bahawa D2 sebagai pembeli terkemudian telah mengabaikan tanggung jawabnya untuk membuat semakan atau menjalankan siasatan ke atas pemilikan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 yang pada masa material telah pun dihuni oleh penyewa kepada plaintif-plaintif setelah plaintif-plaintif menerima milikan kosong daripada D1. Oleh itu, perjanjian jual beli di antara D1 dan D2 adalah batal ab initio dan hak milik D2 ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 adalah boleh disangkal. Dapatan dan Keputusan Kami [15] Asas tuntutan plaintif-plaintif terhadap D2 adalah untuk mendapatkan kembali hak milik Lot 13 dan Lot 14 yang dikatakan telah dibeli daripada D1 dan semua harga belian telah pun dilunaskan sepenuhnya. Plaintif-plaintif mendakwa bahawa mereka adalah pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14 dan D1 yang merupakan pemegang amanah semata-mata kedua-dua hartanah tersebut tidak ada hak atau kuasa untuk melupuskannya kepada D2. Plaintif-plaintif selanjutnya mendakwa bahawa urus niaga ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 di antara D1 dan D2 terpalit dengan perbuatan frod dan salah nyata secara menipu. Dengan kata lain, D1 tidak ada hak atau upaya untuk menjual Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D2 kerana D1 bukan lagi tuan punya ke atas kedua-dua lot hartanah tersebut dan prinsip nemo dat adalah terpakai. [16] Sebaliknya, D2 dalam pembelaannya menafikan status plaintif-plaintif sebagai pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Mereka secara konsisten menyatakan bahawa plaintif-plaintif gagal membuktikan keseluruhan harga pembelian kedua-dua lot hartanah tersebut telah dijelaskan kepada D1. D2 turut menyatakan bahawa plaintif-plaintif gagal mengambil langkah yang munasabah untuk melindungi hak dan kepentingan mereka sekiranya benarlah mereka adalah pemilik benefisial kedua-dua lot hartanah tersebut. Selain itu, D2 juga bergantung kepada fakta yang menunjukkan bahawa dia adalah pembeli bona fide yang telah membayar keseluruhan harga pembelian (pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai) kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. Sebelum perjanjian jual beli Lot 13 dan Lot 14 dengan D1 ditandatangani pada 22.9.2014, carian rasmi telah dibuat di Pejabat Tanah dan didapati D1 memiliki kedua-dua hartanah tersebut tanpa sebarang bebanan. Dengan itu, proviso di bawah subseksyen 340(3) adalah terpakai dan D2 menuntut balas dengan memohon perintah untuk mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai pemilik sah Lot 13 dan Lot 14. [17] Usai perbicaraan penuh, YA PK membuat keputusan yang memihak kepada plaintif-plaintif. Terkilan dengan keputusan tersebut, D2 mengemukakan rayuan ke Mahkamah ini. Setelah mendengar dan menimbang rayuan, kami sebulat suara memutuskan untuk menolak rayuan D2. Tidak berpuas hati dengan keputusan kami, D2 mengemukakan permohonan untuk mendapatkan kebenaran merayu ke Mahkamah Persekutuan. Sepertimana yang dinyatakan di perenggan [2] sebelum ini, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah membuat perintah membenarkan permohonan kebenaran kepada D2 untuk merayu terhadap keputusan Mahkamah ini. Kebenaran tersebut diberikan hanya untuk satu persoalan undang-undang sahaja iaitu “Sama ada prinsip Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet mengatasi Seksyen 340 Kanun Tanah Negara (Disemak-2020) dalam rayuan ini?” [18] Berlandaskan kepada persoalan undang-undang yang dibenarkan di bawah perintah kebenaran oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan tersebut, bolehlah dibuat inferens bahawa segala pertimbangan yang dibuat dan segala dapatan fakta yang dicapai oleh YA PK dalam keputusannya ke atas isu-isu yang berbangkit iaitu isu-isu berkaitan dengan kewujudan PJB 2007 di antara plaintif-plaintif dan D1, pembayaran penuh harga pembelian di bawah PJB 2007dan pemberian milikan kosong Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada plaintif-plaintif oleh D1, adalah betul. Ini kerana, hanya setelah plaintif-plaintif berjaya membuktikan kewujudan PJB 2007, pembayaran penuh harga belian di bawah PJB 2007 dan penerimaan milikan kosong Lot 13 dan Lot 14 barulah prinsip nemo dat boleh terpakai. Berasaskan inferens tersebut, fakta yang menunjukkan wujudnya PJB 2007, plaintif-plaintif telah menjelaskan sepenuhnya harga pembelian di bawah PJB 2007, dan plaintif-plaintif telah diberikan milikan kosong Lot 13 dan Lot 14 sepatutnya tidak boleh dipertikaikan lagi. [19] Sekiranya inferens tidak terpakai sekalipun, kami masih berpandangan bahawa YA PK tidak melakukan sebarang kesilapan apabila memutuskan atas imbangan kebarangkalian plaintif-plaintif berjaya membuktikan PJB 2007 yang dimasuki dengan D1 wujud dan sah, plaintif-plaintif telah melunaskan keseluruhan harga belian kepada D1, plaintif-plaintif telah menerima milikan kosong Lot 13 dan Lot 14 daripada D1, plaintif-plaintif telah menghuni serta kemudiannya menyewakan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada penyewa-penyewa mereka iaitu Lee Teik Hock (SP3) dan Khoo Teng Chong (SP4), dan plaintif-plaintif juga telah menjelaskan segala caj penyelenggaraan dan wang caruman kepada kumpulan wang penjelas serta bil-bil utiliti lain kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. [20] Dalam mencapai keputusannya, YA PK telah membuat dapatan-dapatan fakta bersandarkan keterangan-keterangan saksi yang dipanggil oleh kedua-dua belah pihak serta daripada keterangan-keterangan dokumentari kontemporari yang dikemukakan. Hasil penelitian kami ke atas keterangan-keterangan yang ada dalam rekod rayuan, kami mendapati bahawa YA PK tidak melakukan kesilapan semasa membuat keputusan. Dapatan-dapatan fakta oleh hakim bicara yang mempunyai kelebihan mendengar keterangan dan melihat sendiri gelagat saksi-saksi tidaklah boleh diubah atau diusik sewenang-wenangnya melainkan dapat ditunjukkan bahawa dapatan tersebut jelas salah (plainly wrong) atau pun adanya salah arahan atas fakta atau undang-undang yang dilakukan Hakim bicara semasa membuat dapatan. Lihat keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes-kes Ng Hoo Kui & Anor v Wendy Tan Lee Peng (administratrix for the estate of Tan Ewe Kwang, deceased) & Ors [2020] 12 MLJ 67, Dream Property Sdn Bhd v. Atlas Housing Sdn Bhd [2015] 2 CLJ 453, UEM Group Bhd v. Genisys Integrated Engineers Pte Ltd & Anor [2010] 9 CLJ 785 and Gan Yook Chin & Anor v. Lee Ing Chin & Ors [2005] 2 MLJ J 1. [21] Daripada dapatan-dapatan fakta yang diputuskan YA PK, jelaslah bahawa plaintif-plaintif adalah pemilik sebenar atau sekurang-kurangnya pemilik benefisial Lot 13 dan Lot 14, dan status D1 dari segi ekuitinya hanyalah menjadi pemegang amanah semata-mata kepada plaintif-plaintif. Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti Berkaitan Kes-Kes Hartanah [22] Sebagai pembuka perbincangan, elok kita tinjau kedudukan kuasa sedia ada mahkamah di negara ini untuk mengguna pakai prinsip ekuiti dalam kes-kes yang bersesuaian demi mencapai keadilan. Dalam kes Oh Hiam & Ors v. Tham Kong [1980] 2 MLJ 159 di muka surat 164 dan 165 Privy Council melalui Lord Russell of Killowen telah memutuskan: Apart from authority their Lordships would not expect that the intervention of equity by a remedy in personam based upon a transaction to which the plaintiff and defendant were parties would be ousted by such provisions. The Torrens system is designed to provide simplicity and certitude in transfers of land, which is amply achieved without depriving equity of the ability to exercise its jurisdiction in personam on grounds of conscience. In the instant case the defendant could have shown an indefeasible title had he sold Lot 3660, a step which he could not take because he undertook to the Court not to: the Court could have granted an injunction against sale, and that could scarcely have been described as an order inconsistent with his indefeasible title. If the registered proprietor were a trustee, his indefeasible title would not have precluded intervention by the Court in execution of the trust: under the then Land Code [1935] CLJU 66; [1935] 1 LNS 66 there was no express provision for registration as trustee. The indefeasible title would not preclude an order for specific performance of a contract for sale by the proprietor. All these are instances of equity acting in personam, and indeed the order in the instant case may be described as an order in personam that the registered proprietor should defeat his own title. There was more over a number of authorities which deny to the Torrens system the effect for which the defendant contends, where there is not merely a question of competitive claims to the title, but a relationship between the parties justifying intervention by equity acting in personam. In Frazer v. Walker [1967] AC 569 in delivering the judgment of the Board on an appeal from New Zealand in a Torrens system case, Lord Wilberforce, while recognising the immunity of the registered proprietor from adverse claims, added (p. 585): In doing so they wish to make clear that this principle in no way denies the right of a plaintiff to bring against a registered proprietor a claim in personam founded in law or in equity, for such relief as a Court acting in personam may grant. That this is so has frequently, and rightly, been recognised in the Courts of New Zealand and Australia: see for example Boyd v. Mayor, etc of Wellington [1924] NZLR 1174, 1223 and Tataurangi Tairuakena v. Mua Carr [1927] NZLR 688, 702. It is worth noting that Sir Garfield Barwick, who would have intimate experience of the Torrens system, was of the Board in Frazer v. Walker. In Zdrojkowski v. Pacholczak [1959] NSW 382 it was said (at p. 390): The principles relating to the indefeasibility of the title to the land under the Real Property Act on the one hand and the right to rectify documents, which erroneously state the interest to which parties were entitled on the other, do not conflict in any way. In Wilkins v. Kannamal [1951] MLJ 99 it was said that the Torrens law is a system of conveyancing; it does not abrogate the principles of equity; it alters the application of particular rules of equity but only so far as is necessary to achieve its own special objects. [23] Salah satu prinsip ekuiti yang diterima pakai di Malaysia berkaitan dengan undang-undang tanah adalah konsep amanah semata-mata (bare trust). Konsep ini berlandaskan kepada kewujudan suatu kontrak jualan hartanah di antara pembeli dan penjual. Penjual dari segi ekuitinya akan menjadi pemegang amanah semata-mata kepada pembeli sekiranya pembeli telah menjelaskan keseluruhan harga belian. Lihat keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Temenggong Securities Ltd & Anor v. Registrar of Titles, Johore & Ors [1974] 2 MLJ 45 (kes Temenggong Securities) dan keputusan Mahkamah Agung dalam kes Yeong Ah Chee v. Lee Chong Hai & Anor and Other Appeals [1994] 3 CLJ
20
[24] Namun begitu, dalam kes Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Berhad v Time Engineering Berhad [1996] 2 CLJ 561 (kes Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance), Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui keputusan Edgar Joseph Jr HMP telah membuat keputusan sepertimana berikut: In our view, the contractual events, which result in the vendor becoming a bare trustee of the land the subject matter of the agreement of sale and purchase for the purchaser, is on completion, that is to say, upon receipt by the vendor of the full purchase price, timeously paid and when the vendor has given the purchaser a duly executed, valid and registrable transfer of the land in due form, in favour of the purchaser, for it is then that the vendor divests himself of his interest in the land. Tampaknya, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam keputusan kes Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance telah meletakkan beban tambahan ke atas pihak pembeli yang membuat tuntutan atas prinsip pemegangan amanah semata-mata. Diputuskan bahawa selain pembayaran penuh perlu dibuat dalam tempoh yang ditetapkan, pembeli juga perlulah membuktikan bahawa penjual telah memberikan borang pindah milik yang telah ditandatangani untuk membangkitkan hubungan pemegangan amanah semata-mata di antara pembeli dan penjual. Suatu beban yang sangat berat dikenakan kepada pembeli walaupun telah dibuktikan harga belian telah pun dibayar sepenuhnya kepada penjual. [25] Kemudiannya, dalam kes Samuel Naik Siang Ting v. Public Bank Bhd [2015] 8 CLJ 944 (kes Samuel Naik Siang Ting), Mahkamah Persekutuan telah merujuk kepada keputusan kes-kes Lysaght v. Edwards [1876] 2 Ch D 499, Hadley v. London Bank of Scotland 12 (LT) 747, kes Temenggong Securities, Karuppiah Chettiar v. Subramaniam [1971] 2 MLJ 116; dan Hon Ho Wah & Anor v. United Malayan Banking Corporation Berhad [1994] 2 CLJ 587, dan memutuskan: [53] We are in full agreement and adopt the above well-founded principles of law which, according to Jessel MR in Lysaght 's case, "has been settled for centuries". Applying the said principles to the facts of the present case before us, we hold that MPM, being the registered proprietor of the land after executing the sale and purchase agreements with the earlier purchasers and having received the full purchase price, was a bare trustee (that is, a person without beneficial interest in the property); and to borrow the words of Jessel MR in Lysaght 's case... "the court will not permit the vendor afterwards to transfer the legal estate to a third person." In other words, MPM in the present case, was therefore not permitted in law to sell or transfer the land to the new purchasers (including the appellant). [54] The Court of Appeal was right in finding that MPM, after having entered in the sale and purchase agreements with the earlier purchasers and received the full payments of the purchase price, had become a bare trustee and as such was not permitted to deal with the lots. We are in agreement with the Court of Appeal that the subsequent sales, transfers or conveyances of the lots by MPM to the new purchasers (including the appellant) were void ab initio, as MPM did not have any legal or requisite capacity to enter into such agreements. [26] Sementara itu, dalam kes Tan Ong Ban v Teoh Kim Heng [2016] 3 MLJ 23, Mahkamah Persekutuan merujuk kepada keputusan kes-kes Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance, M & J Frozen Food Sdn Bhd and Peninsular Land Development Sdn Bhd v K Ahmad [1970] 1 MLJ 149 dan Raju v Kwong Yik Bank Bhd & Anor [1994] 2 MLJ 408, dan seterusnya mengemukakan pandangan sepertimana berikut: [36] The principle of beneficial ownership differentiates between the rights of a purchaser of a property who has fully settled the purchase price with one who has not. This principle clothes a purchaser who has settled the full purchase price with a distinct privilege equivalent to a legal owner, although he or she has yet to be registered as the proprietor of the property. [37] Under this principle of beneficial ownership, the vendor becomes a bare trustee for the purchaser in respect of the transacted property, while the purchaser assumes the position of beneficial owner having right in rem over the property. The purchaser is commonly accepted as having a beneficial interest in the land on the execution of the contract and upon which specific performance may be granted by the court. This beneficial interest is also sufficient to entitle the purchaser to enter a caveat under the NLC. [38] On the other hand, a purchaser who has not settled the full purchase price does not enjoy such benefit. The right of such purchaser is contractual in nature and in personam. He or she does not have any beneficial interest in the property. In the event of dispute, such purchaser can only institute action against the vendor with whom he or she has contracted. In other words, such purchaser merely enjoys a contractual right or a right in personam. [39] In short, a beneficial or equitable owner of a property stands in the same position as the legal owner in terms of enforcing proprietorship rights against the world at large. The only difference is that a beneficial owner is yet to be vested with the legal title. [27] Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam persidangan yang dianggotai oleh lima orang hakim dalam kes He-Con Sdn Bhd v Bulyah bt Ishak & Anor (as administrators for the estate of Nor Zainir bin Rahmat, the deceased) and another appeal [2020] 4 MLJ 662 (kes He-Con) telah sekali lagi telah membincangkan pemakaian konsep pemegangan amanah semata-mata. Dalam keputusannya, Mahkamah Persekutuan merujuk dan mempertimbangkan beberapa kes autoriti terdahulu dan telah membuat pemerhatian berikut: [54] The apex court in the Borneo Housing case made a passing reference to the earlier decision of the then Supreme Court in the case of Yeong Ah Chee’s case. We noted that it made no adverse remark about it. Rather, it recognised the reach of the Yeong Ah Chee case decision by stating the following: And, in Yeong Ah Chee v Lee Chong Hai, the Court went so far as to suggest that the concept of the bare trust in a vendor and purchaser situation applied under the Malaysian Torrens System by virtue of the Civil Law Act 1956. [55] We find the Yeong Ah Chee case is important for what was said by learned Justice Peh Swee Chin SCJ who wrote the apex court’s judgment, when he said: It is an old and well-settled rule of equity that under a valid contract for sale of land, the beneficial ownership of the land passes to the purchaser who becomes the equitable owner, the vendor having a right to the purchase money for which he has a lien on the land. Please see Lysaght v Edwards [1976] 2 Ch D 499 and this case was cited with approval very often in our courts eg by the Federal Court in Intercontinental Miners Sdn Bhd v Society Des Etains De Banjas Tudgu [1974] 1 MLJ 145 and Temenggong Securities Ltd v Registrar ofTitles, Johore [1974] 2 MLJ 45. When the full purchase price is paid, the vendor becomes a bare trustee ie unqualified trustee for the purchaser. It is also of salutary effect to remind ourselves of the fact that rules of equity apply to this country by the Civil Law Act 1956 and of the observation of Lord Russel of Killowen in Oh Hiam v Tham Kong [1980] 2 MLJ 159, PC that ‘the Torrens System is designed to provide simplicity and certitude in transfer of land which is amply achieved without depriving equity of the ability to exercise its jurisdiction in personam on grounds of conscience. [56] The essence to be derived in that short but concise paragraph is that equitable principles can coexist with legal and statutory principles under the Torrens System. As was alluded to earlier, the apex court in Borneo Housing’s case did not say that Yeong Ah Chee’s case was wrongly decided. With respect, we agree because Yeong Ah Chee’s case was decided based on sound principle. [57] Indeed, the above principle had been adopted and followed by the Federal Court in Temenggong Securities Ltd & Anor v Registrar of Titles, Johore & Ors [1974] 2 MLJ 45; [1974] 1 LNS 175 (‘Temenggong Securities case’) which held that: The law is clear that the vendors, after receipt of the full purchase price and surrender of possession of the lands to the appellants are bare trustees for the appellants of the said land and it must consequently follow, as night must day, that the vendors have no interest in the lands which can be the subject matter of a caveat. [58] There was no reason for the Borneo Housing case panel of the Supreme Court to have viewed the Yeong Ah Chee case in any adverse light. Indeed, the learned justices in the Borneo Housing case only found it justified in overruling the Ahmad bin Salleh’s case for fairly obvious reasons. Since the vendor who has become a bare trustee for the purchaser, he can no longer deal with the property for which the purchaser has paid in full, including utilising it as a security for a loan extended in its favour by a third party. If one were to juxtapose the evidence which had been led by the plaintiffs in this immediate appeal before us with that which was led for the plaintiff in the Ahmad bin Salleh’s case one would readily see why the learned justices in the Borneo Housing case had found that the circumstances in the Ahmad bin Salleh’s case had fallen far short of rendering the vendor there a bare trustee. [59] In fact, in a relatively recent Federal Court case of Samuel Naik’s case it was, inter alia, in para 65 that: There is nothing in the NLC which expressly or by necessary implication excludes or prohibits any equitable interest in alienated land, and the court ought to give effect to ordinary commercial transactions and not to invalidate any equitable mortgage created by contracts outside any statutory provisions for registration of title under the NLC. [60] That Samuel Naik’s case also decided that once the vendor had received full payment of the purchase price from the purchaser, the vendor becomes a bare trustee. And in that legal capacity, the vendor was not permitted in law to sell or transfer the land to new purchasers. Any subsequent conveyances of the same property to new purchasers would thus be void as the vendor, by then being a bare trustee, did not have the requisite capacity to enter into such agreement. It goes without saying that creating a charge over such property would be tainted by the same incapacity. In para 77, the apex court in Samuel Naik held that the failure on the part of the original purchaser to lodge a caveat timeously did not in any way negate or defeat its equitable right, title or interest in the property under scrutiny. [61] On the facts of the case before it, the apex court in the Samuel Naik’s case had answered the question posed by stating that a registered title of a bona fide immediate purchaser for value without notice under the NLC can be defeated by a non-registered valid equitable interest of an absolute assignee under an earlier SPA in respect of the same piece of land (see para 86). Susulan daripada pertimbangan ke atas isu pliding dan juga keterangan yang dikemukakan pihak-pihak, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes He-Con memutuskan sepertimana berikut: [75] In the circumstances, there is nothing invalid about the equitable interest of the deceased, hence the plaintiffs, in the said property. Once that is established to be the case here, the first defendant was rendered a bare trustee. Once first defendant is a bare trustee, it could not in law pass any interest in the said property to the fourth defendant by way of creating a security for the charge over it in favour of the fourth defendant. It is void ab initio (see, Samuel Naik’s case as an analogy). [76] In gist, the case here has been that the title or interest of the fourth defendant loses out because: (1) it gets no good interest under the charge from the first defendant as the latter was a bare trustee. In other words, s 340(2) of the NLC kicked in to render its title not indefeasible; and (2) It was an immediate purchaser, as opposed to it being a subsequent purchaser, and the implication is that the fourth defendant was not entitled to avail itself to the proviso to s 340(3) of the NLC. In other words, the fourth defendant had obtained no valid interest from the charge transaction that it entered into with the first defendant. As such, the learned judges of the COA were correct when they ruled that in the circumstances, the issue of the fides of the fourth defendant was indeed irrelevant. They had observed that the learned trial judge was wrong when he concerned himself with the issue of the fides of the fourth defendant when in fact and in law, he had not made a finding as to the status of the fourth defendant, before taking into account the proviso to s 340(3) of the NLC. With respect, we agree with the approach taken by the COA. [28] Mengaplikasikan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes He-Con dan juga beberapa kes autoriti lain sebelumnya kepada kes rayuan D2 di hadapan kami, jelaslah bahawa setelah D1 menerima bayaran penuh penjualan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 di bawah PJB 2007 daripada plaintif-plaintif, serta telah memberikan milikan kosong kedua-dua hartanah tersebut kepada plaintif-plaintif, maka status D1 berubah daripada tuan punya kepada pemegang amanah semata-mata bagi pihak plaintif-plaintif di bawah undang-undang. Oleh itu, D1 tidak lagi berhak dan tidak berupaya untuk berurus niaga dengan D2 ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14, dan urus niaga yang telah dimasuki D1 dengan D2 sudah tentulah menjadi tidak sah ab initio. Jelasnya, prinsip ekuiti memihak kepada plaintif-plaintif dalam tindakannya terhadap D2. Pemakaian Prinsip Nemo Dat Berkaitan Kes-Kes Hartanah [29] Prinsip nemo dat berasal daripada kaedah yang diguna pakai dalam ‘comman law’ yang secara harfiahnya bolehlah diterjemahkan sebagai “Tiada siapa yang boleh memberi hak yang lebih baik daripada apa yang dia sendiri miliki”. Ini bermakna, jika seseorang menjual barang yang bukan miliknya, pihak yang membeli tidak akan mendapat hak milik yang sah terhadap barang tersebut bahkan terpaksa memulangkannya kepada pemilik sebenar apabila dituntut. Prinsip nemo dat ini telah kanunkan di bawah s 27 Akta Jualan Barangan 1957 (AJB 1957) yang peruntukannya adalah sepertimana berikut: 27 Sale by person not the owner Subject to this Act and of any other law for the time being in force, where goods are sold by a person who is not the owner thereof, and who does not sell them under the authority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires no better title to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the goods is by his conduct precluded from denying the seller's authority to sell: Provided that where a mercantile agent is, with the consent of the owner, in possession of the goods or of a document of title to the goods, any sale made by him when acting in the ordinary course of business of a mercantile agent shall be as valid as if he were expressly authorized by the owner of the goods to make the same; provided that the buyer acts in good faith and has not at the time of the contract of sale notice that the seller has no authority to sell. [30] Dalam kes Lim Chui Lai v Zeno Limited [1964] 1 MLJ 314, Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui keputusan Barakbah CJ (Malaya) telah merujuk kepada s 27 AJB 1957 dan seterusnya memutuskan: ... In my opinion, the delivery of the chattels to the said Ahmad did not constitute him the owner. They were delivered to the site by the plaintiff company to be used for the purpose of the contracts only and nothing else viz. for construction of culverts for Petaling Jaya Authority. The respondent company bought the materials from Lam Huat & Co. who delivered them to the site. The agreement between the respondent company and the said Ahmad was that all payments received by Ahmad from the Petaling Jaya Authority should be immediately paid over to the company which would deduct the cost of materials and any finance provided by the company plus 5% as its share of profit and the balance would be paid to Ahmad. In my view, Ahmad was merely the bailee, not the owner of the chattels at the time he sold them to the appellant. He had no title to the chattels or authority to sell them and therefore he could not give the appellant any title. ... [31] Prinsip nemo dat juga terpakai kepada urusan jual beli tanah di negara kita. Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui keputusan yang disampaikan oleh Arifin Zakaria KHN dalam kes Sia Hiong Tee & Ors v Chong Su Kong & Ors [2015] 4 MLJ 188 (kes Sia Hiong Tee) telah mengguna pakai prinsip nemo dat dalam urus niaga hartanah. Keputusan YAA berkaitan dengan pemakaian prinsip nemo dat adalah sepertimana berikut: [34] The above finding by the Court of Appeal found support in the common law rule of Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet (nemo dat rule in short). The nemo dat rule literally means 'no-one can transfer what he has not got' (Bishopsgate Motor Finance Corporation Ltd v Transport Brakes Limited [1949] 1 KB 322 as per Denning LJ). This is sometimes called the 'derivation' principle: the transferee's rights derived from those of the transferor. The nemo dat rule protects the true owner of the goods (right of ownership) and the innocent purchaser who purchases the goods from non-owner gets no title as the non-owner could not pass good title because he has none. In other words, the right of the true owner is retained in the event of his possession is being stolen or sold to the unsuspecting purchaser. In a typical case, the application of nemo dat rule involves the seller who does not own the goods has no right to sell them but nevertheless sells them to an innocent buyer. Because of the apparent harshness of the nemo dat rule (as it is an innocent buyer who is a bona fide purchaser for value without notice stands to lose out), several exceptions to nemo dat rule were developed at common law and also have been added by statute (Sale of Goods Act 1957). One of the exceptions to nemo dat rule is when the innocent purchaser pleads estoppel by asserting that the statement and conducts of the true owner have led him to believe that the unauthorised seller in fact had the right to sell the goods (s 27(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1957). [35] We are of the view that the nemo dat rule is equally applicable in the present case which involves the transfer of title under s 88 of the SLO (M & J Frozen Food Sdn Bhd v Siland Sdn Bhd). Applying the nemo dat rule to the present case, we hold that the forgers could not pass good title to the appellants (Boonsom Boonyanit v Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd). Thus, we conclude that a mere claim of being a bona fide purchaser for value without notice is not sufficient to avoid the application of the nemo dat rule which renders the appellants' title to the land liable to be set aside at the instance of the respondents who are the rightful owners. (penekanan ditambah) [32] Mengaplikasikan keputusan kes Sia Hiong Tee kepada rayuan D2, kami mendapati bahawa D1 sebagai pemegang amanah semata-mata ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 tidak ada sebarang hak atau kepentingan untuk melupuskan kedua-dua hartanah tersebut kepada D2 berasaskan prinsip nemo dat. Meminjam kata-kata YAA KHN “the innocent purchaser who purchases the goods from non-owner gets no title as the non-owner could not pass good title because he has none”, kami berpandangan bahawa D2 tidak berupaya untuk memperoleh milikan ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Oleh itu, D2 tidak mungkin akan terlepas daripada tuntutan plaintif-plaintif yang merupakan pemilik sebenar Lot 13 dan Lot 14, walaupun atas alasan bahawa D2 adalah pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. [33] Selanjutnya, kami juga mendapati bahawa D2 tidak dapat mengemukakan sebarang keterangan yang boleh menunjukkan plaintif-plaintif telah melakukan sebarang perbuatan atau tindakan yang melayakkan D2 bergantung kepada pengecualian pemakaian prinsip nemo dat sepertimana yang diperuntukkan di proviso s 27 AJB 1957. Daripada keterangan yang ada, jelas menunjukkan plaintif-plaintif tiada pengetahuan dan tidak terlibat sama ada secara langsung atau pun tidak langsung dengan tindakan D1 melupuskan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D2. Dengan itu, kami berpandangan bahawa prinsip nemo dat juga memihak kepada plaintif-plaintif dalam tindakannya terhadap D2. Sama ada D2 Peroleh Hak Milik Tidak Boleh Disangkal [34] Undang-undang berhubung dengan pemilikan hartanah yang di daftar di bawah KTN adalah jelas. Hak milik dan kepentingan seseorang individu yang didaftarkan mengikut prosedur pendaftaran yang telah ditetapkan KTN akan direkodkan di dalam dokumen pendaftaran hak milik dan kesannya, individu yang mendaftarkan urus niaga hartanah itu akan menjadi pemilik mutlak yang tidak boleh disangkal. Dengan kata lain, pendaftaran urus niaga sesuatu hartanah akan menjadikan penama dalam daftar hak milik sebagai tuan punya berdaftar sesuatu hartanah dan hak pemilik berdaftar tersebut tidak boleh dipersoalkan atau ditarik balik. Subseksyen 340(1) KTN memperuntukkan:
340
Registration to confer indefeasible title or interest, except in certain circumstances
1
The title or interest of any person or body for the time being registered as proprietor of any land, or in whose name any lease, charge or easement is for the time being registered, shall, subject to the following provisions of this section, be indefeasible. Namun begitu, hak milik tidak boleh disangkal setelah pendaftaran adalah tertakluk kepada pengecualian-pengecualian yang diperuntukkan di bawah subseksyen 340(2) KTN sepertimana berikut:
2
The title or interest of any such person or body shall not be indefeasible -
a
in any case of fraud or misrepresentation to which the person or body, or any agent of the person or body, was a party or privy; or
b
where registration was obtained by forgery, or by means of an insufficient or void instrument; or
c
where the title or interest was unlawfully acquired by the person or body in the purported exercise of any power or authority conferred by any written law. Kesan kepada hak milik yang boleh disangkal adalah diperuntukkan di bahawa subseksyen 340(3) sepertimana berikut:
3
Where the title or interest of any person or body is defeasible by reason of any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) -
a
it shall be liable to be set aside in the hands of any person or body to whom it may subsequently be transferred; and
b
any interest subsequently granted thereout shall be liable to be set aside in the hands of any person or body in whom it is for the time being vested: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall affect any title or interest acquired by any purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration, or by any person or body claiming through or under such a purchaser. [35] Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Tan Ying Hong v Tan Sian San & Ors [2010] 2 CLJ 269; [2010] 2 MLJ 1 (kes Tan Ying Hong) telah menerangkan konsep hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah s 340 KTN sepertimana berikut: [19] Section 340 of the NLC introduced into our land law the concept of indefeasibility of title. This is central to the system of registration of title under the Torrens system. Raja Azlan Shah (as His Royal Highness then was) in PTJV Denson (M) Sdn Bhd v. Roxy (M) Sdn Bhd [1980] CLJU 55; [1980] 1 LNS 55 observed that 'the concept of indefeasibility of title is so deeply embedded in our land law that it seems almost trite to restate it.' Indefeasibility is defined by the Privy Council in Frazer v. Walker [1967] AC 569 at p 580 to mean: The expression not used in the Act itself, is a convenient description of the immunity from attack by adverse claim to the land or interest in respect of which he is registered, which a registered proprietor enjoys. This conception is central in the system of registration. It does not involve that the registered proprietor is protected against any claim whatsoever; as will be seen later, there are provisions by which the entry on which he relies may be cancelled or corrected, or he may be exposed to claims in personam. These are matters not to be overlooked when a total description of his rights is required. But as registered proprietor, and while he remains such, no adverse claim (except as specifically admitted) may be brought against him. [20] Indefeasibility can be immediate or deferred. The distinction between the two is well explained in para 404 of The National Land Code, A Commentary (Vol 2) by Judith Sihombing which reads: There are two types of indefeasibility; immediate and deferred. The factor which distinguishes the two is the common law effect given to the instrument even after registration; in addition; in a regime of deferred indefeasibility, the role of registered volunteer might be more relevant than under an immediate indefeasibility system. If, after registration has occurred, the system then ignores the substance, form and probity of the instrument used to support the registration, the system is likely that of immediate indefeasibility. Thus, registration has cured any defect in the instrument being registered. If the instrument, despite registration, still has the power to affect the registered interest or estate, the system will probably be that of deferred indefeasibility. [21] In short, immediate indefeasibility means that the immediate registered title or interest of the proprietor or transferee immediately to the vitiating circumstances will be conferred statutory protection despite the existence of any vitiating circumstances. In the case of deferred indefeasibility, the indefeasibility only comes to be attached to the title or interest upon a subsequent transfer. Thus, the difference between immediate and deferred indefeasibility hinges on the effect of registration vis a vis the title or interest. Dalam keputusan kes Tan Ying Hong, Mahkamah Persekutuan mengiktiraf prinsip hak milik tidak boleh disangkal secara tertunda dan bukannya serta merta setelah mengambil kira pentafsiran sebenar niat penggubal undang-undang menggubal peruntukan pengecualian di bawah subseksyen 340(2) dan (3) serta proviso di bawah subseksyen 340(3) KTN. [36] Kemudiannya, dalam kes Kamarulzaman bin Omar & Ors v Yakub bin Husin & Ors [2014] 2 MLJ 768 (kes Kamarulzaman bin Omar) Mahkamah Persekutuan memperjelas pemakaian prinsip hak milik tidak boleh disangkal secara tertunda dan secara serta merta di bawah s 340 KTN sepertimana berikut: [43] In the instant case, both the trial court and the Court of Appeal held that the fifth and sixth respondents were bona fide purchasers. But unfortunately, both the trial court and the Court of Appeal failed to inquire whether the fifth and or sixth respondents were immediate or subsequent purchasers. Only a subsequent purchaser is entitled to raise the shield of indefeasibility. An immediate purchaser of a title tainted by any one of the vitiating elements acquires a title that is not indefeasible. It flows from Tan Ying Hong that the bona fides of an immediate purchaser is not a shield to defeasibility. The defeasible title of a bona fide immediate purchaser is still liable to be set aside. The defeasible title of a bona fide immediate purchaser only becomes indefeasible when it is subsequently passed to a bona fide subsequent purchaser. That the fifth and sixth respondents were bona fide purchasers could not by that fact alone give a shield of indefeasibility. The fifth and or sixth respondents only acquired an indefeasible title if they were bona fide subsequent purchasers. But for the fifth and sixth respondents to have been bona fide subsequent purchasers, there must have been an immediate purchaser in the first place. The first to fourth respondents, from whom the fifth and sixth respondents obtained title, were not immediate purchasers. Rather, they were imposters of those entitled to the estate of the deceased. They, like the fake Boonsom who impersonated the true Boonsom, had no title to pass to the fifth and sixth respondents. The fifth and sixth respondents who were the immediate purchasers, acquired a title that was not indefeasible. But when the fraudulent title of the first to fourth respondents were set aside by the default judgment, the defeasible title of the fifth and sixth respondents was also defeated. Di bahagian penutup keputusannya, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah menggariskan panduan sepertimana berikut kepada Mahkamah bicara: [46] Before we adjourn, we would summarise the foregoing and pass on the following, as a guide to trial courts. Whenever a registered title or interest is sought to be set aside under s 340, first ascertain whether the title or interest under challenge is registered in the name of an immediate purchaser or a subsequent purchaser. If the title or interest is registered in the name of an immediate purchaser, the bona fides of the immediate purchaser will not offer a shield of indefeasibility. The title or interest of an immediate purchaser is still liable to be set aside if any of the vitiating elements as set out in s 340(2) has been made out. If the title or interest is registered in the name of a subsequent purchaser, then the vitiating elements in s 340(2) would not affect the title or interest of a bona fide subsequent purchaser. The title or interest of a subsequent purchaser is only liable to be set aside if the subsequent purchaser is not a bona fide subsequent purchaser. The title or interest acquired by a subsequent purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration, or by any person or body claiming through or under such a subsequent purchaser, is indefeasible. [37] Berbalik kepada rayuan D2, persoalan yang perlu dijawab adalah, sama ada D2 boleh dikategorikan sebagai pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai yang dilindungi di bawah proviso subseksyen 340(3) KTN? Bagi menjawab persoalan ini, kami kembali kepada prinsip ekuiti dan prinsip nemo dat yang telah kami bincangkan sebelum ini. Sepertimana fakta yang tidak boleh dipertikaikan berlandaskan keputusan YA PK yang mana telah kami sahkan sebagai betul, plaintif-plaintif adalah pembeli yang telah menjelaskan keseluruhan harga belian Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D1 di bawah PJB 2007, menjadikan D1 sebagai pemegang amanah semata-mata untuk kedua-dua hartanah tersebut bagi pihak plaintif-plaintif di bawah prinsip ekuiti. Sebagai pemegang amanah semata-mata, D1 tiada hak atau kuasa berurus niaga untuk melupuskan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 kepada D2 di bawah prinsip nemo dat. Pemakaian prinsip-prinsip tersebut menjadikan transaksi perjanjian jual beli Lot 13 dan Lot 14 di antara D1 dan D2 tidak sah ab initio. [38] Berasaskan fakta-fakta tersebut, jelaslah bahawa pendaftaran hak milik ke atas nama D2 untuk Lot 13 dan Lot 14 adalah tergolong di bawah pengecualian di perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN. Menurut perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN, sekiranya pendaftaran diperolehi secara pemalsuan, atau dengan cara menggunakan instrumen yang tidak mencukupi atau tidak sah, maka hak milik atau kepentingan seseorang itu hendaklah menjadi boleh disangkal. [39] Daripada apa yang diperuntukkan di perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN, ada tiga kategori pendaftaran yang boleh mengecualikan pemakaian prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal. Tiga kategori pendaftaran tersebut adalah: - pertama, pendaftaran yang diperolehi secara pemalsuan; atau - kedua, pendaftaran yang diperolehi melalui instrumen yang tidak mencukupi; atau - ketiga, pendaftaran diperoleh dengan menggunakan instrumen yang tidak sah. Kami mendapati bahawa peruntukan di perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN berdiri dengan sendiri tanpa perlu dikaitkan dengan perenggan-perenggan sebelum atau selepasnya iaitu di perenggan-perenggan 340(2) (a) atau
c
(c). Ini kerana, setiap perenggan adalah digubal secara berasingan dengan penggunaan perkataan “atau” di penghujung perenggan 340(2)
a
dan (b). [40] Oleh itu, keperluan yang menghendaki pemilik berdaftar hak milik yang dicabar pemilikannya ke atas sesuatu hartanah menjadi pihak atau bersubahat (privy) kepada perlakuan menipu atau salah nyata di bawah perenggan 340(2)(a) KTN sepertimana yang diputuskan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Tai Lee Finance Co Sdn Bhd v Official Assignee & Ors [1983] 1 MLJ 81 yang memutuskan; “In the light of the affidavit evidence produced by the respondents viewed in totality, we can only conclude that at the very most the appellant had constructive notice of the respondents' prior beneficial interests. There is no evidence with which we can satisfy ourselves that there was fraud to which the appellant was a party. In our judgement the respondents had not proved beyond any reasonable doubt that the appellant had acted dishonestly, wilfully, and consciously disregarding or violating the right of the respondents or in any way in collusion with the chargor.” (penekanan ditambah), adalah tidak terpakai kepada elemen-elemen yang dikategorikan di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN. [41] Dalam hal ini, kami juga merujuk dan mengikuti keputusan Mahkamah ini dalam kes OCBC Bank (M) Bhd v Pendaftar Hakmilik, Negeri Johor Darul Takzim [1999] 2 MLJ 511 (kes OCBC Bank). Dalam keputusan di muka surat 516 dan 517 kes OCBC Bank, Mahkamah ini membuat pemerhatian dan seterusnya memutuskan sepertimana berikut: Dr David Wong in Tenure and Land Dealings in the Malay States, at p 361, says: Forgery as a ground for vitiating a registered title, as set out in s 340(2)(b) of the Malaysian National Land Code, marks a focal point of difference between the Malaysian Torrens system and those where Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569 applies. And at p 362, he goes on to say: It will be realised that ‘forgery’ under the Malaysian provision is a distinct ground on its own. The Singapore Land Titles Act (Cap 276), also expressly sets out ‘forgery’ as an exception to indefeasibility, but places ‘forgery’ side by side with ‘fraud’ subject to the same limitation, viz that for a registered title to be vulnerable in either case the proprietor (or his agent) must be a party to or have colluded in the ‘fraud’ or ‘forgery’. This would appear to treat forgery as a species of fraud. Under the Malaysian provision, the very fact of forgery suffices by itself in making a registered title defeasible irrespective of the absence of knowledge or implication on the part of the proprietor. In other words, it affects the immediate proprietor even if he be an innocent purchaser for value. In s 340(2)(b) there is no similar limitation as in s 340(2)(a) for the immediate proprietor, chargee or lessee to be party or privy to the ‘forgery’ before the registered title or interest becomes defeasible. In s 340(2)(b) the word ‘forgery’ is not to be equated with the word ‘fraud. In other words, in the context of sub-s (2)(b) ‘forgery’ is not in the same category as ‘fraud’ and the limitation in s 340(2)(a) that for a registered title to be vulnerable, the immediate proprietor, chargee or lessee must be a party to or has colluded in the ‘fraud’ does not apply to ‘forgery’ ins 340(2)(b). In this country, under the provision of s 340(2)(b), the very fact of forgery suffices to make a registered title or interest (such as a charge or lease) defeasible irrespective of the absence of knowledge or implication of the immediate proprietor, chargee or lessee. In effect s 340(2)(b), to use the words of Dr David Wong: ‘affects the immediate proprietor [chargee or lessee] even if he be an innocent purchaser for value’. Daripada kes-kes autoriti tersebut, jelaslah bahawa sekiranya sesuatu pendaftaran hak milik itu berlaku akibat daripada pemalsuan, iaitu pengecualian kepada prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN, maka pihak yang mencabar hak milik tersebut tidak perlu membuktikan pemilik kepada hak milik berdaftar telah terlibat sama atau bersubahat dalam pemalsuan tersebut. Prinsip yang sama akan terpakai kepada kategori pendaftaran lain di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN iaitu berkaitan dengan penggunaan instrumen yang tidak mencukupi atau pun penggunaan instrumen yang tidak sah. [42] Setelah didapati transaksi urus niaga Lot 13 dan Lot 14 di antara D1 dan D2 tidak sah ab initio, sudah tentulah ianya akan melibatkan kesahan instrumen dalam urus niaga tersebut, iaitu perjanjian yang dimasuki di antara D1 dan D2. Apabila sesuatu instrumen itu tidak sah, maka ianya adalah salah satu elemen yang boleh diambil kira sebagai pengecualian kepada prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN. Justeru itu, plaintif-plaintif berhak mengambil tindakan untuk mencabar pendaftaran hak milik D2 ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14. Mahkamah pula perlulah memberikan pengiktirafan ke atas hak plaintif-plaintif sebagai pemilik asal yang sah ke atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14 dengan membenarkan tuntutan mereka untuk mengetepikan pendaftaran hak milik D2 ke atas kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. [43] Selain itu, fakta yang tidak boleh dipertikaikan juga menunjukkan Lot 13 dan Lot 14 sedang dihuni oleh penyewa-penyewa yang ada perjanjian penyewaan dengan plaintif-plaintif iaitu SP3 dan SP4. Daripada keterangan, D2 gagal membuat sebarang semakan ke atas status penyewaan penyewa-penyewa berkenaan dan dengan mudah hanya mempercayai D1 yang mendakwa SP3 dan SP4 adalah penyewanya. Begitu juga dengan fakta yang menunjukkan bahawa plaintif-plaintif membayar segala caj perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan dan wang caruman kepada kumpulan wang penjelas serta bil-bil utiliti lain untuk Lot 13 dan Lot 14. D2 gagal membuat semakan dengan badan pengurusan bersama atau pun perbadanan pengurusan yang berkenaan serta pihak pembekal-pembekal utiliti untuk mengesahkan status pemilikan kedua-dua hartanah tersebut. Fakta-fakta tersebut juga boleh diambil kira dalam menentukan sama ada D2 adalah pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai Lot 13 dan Lot 14 untuk membolehkan D2 berlindung di bawah proviso subseksyen 340(3) KTN. [44] Akhirnya, wujud satu lagi halangan undang-undang yang menghalang D2 daripada mendapat perlindungan di bawah proviso subseksyen 340(3) KTN. Halangan tersebut berbangkit daripada pentafsiran kepada peruntukan s 340 KTN itu sendiri. Daripada keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Tan Ying Hong dan kemudiannya diperjelaskan lagi dalam kes Kamarulzaman bin Omar, telah diputuskan bahawa terdapat dua kategori hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah undang-undang, iaitu pertama yang diperoleh secara serta-merta atau pun di kategori kedua, yang diperoleh secara tertunda. Bagi kategori yang pertama, hanya pembeli berikutnya (subsequent purchaser) yang membeli sesuatu hartanah secara bona fide dengan balasan bernilai berhak untuk berlindung di bawah perisai prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal. Sementara itu, pembeli langsung (immediate purchaser) sesuatu hartanah hanya memiliki hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal secara tertunda dalam kategori kedua, walaupun ia membeli hartanah tersebut secara bona fide dengan balasan bernilai. Dalam kategori kedua ini, sekiranya hak milik pembeli langsung dicemari dengan elemen-elemen yang disenaraikan sebagai pengecualian kepada prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah subseksyen 340(2) KTN, maka hak milik tidak boleh disangkal pembeli langsung tersebut adalah tertunda kerana ianya masih boleh disangkal dan diketepikan oleh pemilik asal hartanah tersebut. [45] Sepertimana panduan yang telah digariskan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Kamarulzaman bin Omar, apabila sesuatu hak milik atau kepentingan berdaftar ingin diketepikan di bawah s 340 KTN, maka perlulah dipastikan terlebih dahulu sama ada hak milik atau kepentingan yang hendak dicabar tersebut telah didaftarkan atas nama pembeli langsung atau pun pembeli berikutnya. Jika hak milik atau kepentingan didaftarkan atas nama pembeli langsung, maka tindakan untuk mencabar hak milik tersebut masih lagi terbuka kerana pembeli langsung tidak dilindungi perisai prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal walaupun ia adalah pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai. Sebaliknya, sekiranya hak milik atau kepentingan itu didaftarkan di atas nama pembeli berikutnya, maka elemen-elemen yang disenaraikan sebagai pengecualian kepada prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal di bawah subseksyen 340(2) KTN tidak akan menjejaskan pendaftaran hak milik atau kepentingan pembeli berikutnya jika hak milik atau kepentingan itu diperoleh secara bona fide dengan balasan bernilai. Dengan kata lain, hak milik pembeli berikutnya akan kekal dilindungi di bawah prinsip hak milik tidak boleh disangkal dan cabaran pemilik asal untuk menyangkal hak milik pembeli berikutnya akan menjadi sia-sia jika terbukti pembeli berikutnya adah pembeli bona fide dengan balasan bernilai. Sama Ada Prinsip Nemo Dat Mengatasi Peruntukan S 340 KTN? [46] Daripada apa yang telah dibincangkan sebelum ini, kami berpandangan bahawa tidak timbul persoalan sama ada prinsip nemo dat mengatasi kehendak di bawah s 340 KTN berhubung prinsip hak milik yang tidak boleh disangkal atau pun tidak. Ini kerana, dalam rayuan di hadapan kami, prinsip nemo dat digunakan oleh plaintif-plaintif hanyalah untuk menunjukkan bahawa pihak mereka berjaya membuktikan pemakaian pengecualian di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN dalam mengemukakan cabaran terhadap pendaftaran hak milik D2 di atas Lot 13 dan Lot 14, itu sahaja. Kami mendapati, hasil gabungan pemakaian prinsip ekuiti berkaitan dengan pemegangan amanah semata-mata dan prinsip nemo dat, plaintif-plaintif berjaya membuktikan salah satu elemen di bawah perenggan 340(2)(b) KTN iaitu pendaftaran hak milik D2 ke atas kedua-dua hartanah tersebut dicemari elemen penggunaan instrumen yang tidak sah. Kesannya, plaintif-plaintif berjaya di atas imbangan kebarangkalian membuktikan bahawa pendaftaran hak milik D2 yang merupakan pembeli langsung Lot 13 dan Lot 14, tidaklah kebal daripada cabaran di bawah prinsip hak milik tidak boleh disangkal dan ianya masih boleh diketepikan oleh plaintif-plaintif sebagai pemilik asal. Kami yakin dapatan kami ini adalah selari dengan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Sia Hiong Tee yang kami rujuk di perenggan [31] sebelum ini.
para
[47] Berdasarkan alasan-alasan yang dinyatakan tersebut, kami sebulat suara mendapati bahawa rayuan D2 tidak bermerit. YA PK tidak melakukan sebarang kesilapan apabila membuat keputusan untuk membenarkan tuntutan plaintif-plaintif terhadap defendan-defendan. Susulan daripada itu, kami juga mendapati YA PK tidak melakukan sebarang kesilapan apabila menolak tuntutan balas yang dikemukakan D2. Dengan itu, kami menolak rayuan D2 dan mengesahkan keputusan Mahkamah Tinggi. D2 diperintahkan membayar kos rayuan sebanyak RM15,000.00 kepada plaintif-plaintif tertakluk kepada alokatur. Tarikh: 6 Januari 2025 t.t. CHE MOHD RUZIMA BIN GHAZALI Hakim Mahkamah Rayuan Malaysia Peguamcara bagi pihak Perayu : Benjamin Tan Yi Bin Savinder Singhal Manjeet Singh [Lee Law Office (Bukit Mertajam)] Peguamcara bagi pihak Responden : Amit Singh Penesar [Teja Singh Penesar & Co]
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