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1 DALAM MAHKAMAH TINGGI SHAH ALAM DALAM NEGERI SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN RAYUAN SIVIL NO. BA-12B-105-12/2022 ANTARA KARTIGEYAN A/L RAMASAMY (NO. K/P: 881213-56-5017) … PERAYU
BA-12B-105-12/2022
High Court of Malaysia21 May 2024
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“on a balance of probabilities that the accident was caused by the defendant and that the injuries and damages he suffered were a result of and/or caused by the accident, as required unders 107 of the Evidence Act 1950. it is only after the plaintiff has discharged his burden of proof and proven his case on a balance of”
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1 DALAM MAHKAMAH TINGGI SHAH ALAM DALAM NEGERI SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN RAYUAN SIVIL NO. BA-12B-105-12/2022 ANTARA KARTIGEYAN A/L RAMASAMY (NO. K/P: 881213-56-5017) … PERAYU
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PANJANG UPAYA SDN. BHD. (No. Syarikat: 200801011984 (813272-P)
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MAJLIS PERBANDARAN SELAYANG … RESPONDEN-RESPONDEN [Dalam Mahkamah Sesyen Di Selayang Dalam Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan Guaman No. BD-B53KJ-36-11/2020 Antara Kartigeyan a/l Ramasamy (No. K/P: 881213-56-5017) … Perayu
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Panjang Upaya Sdn. Bhd. (No. Syarikat: 200801011984 (813272-P)
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Majlis Perbandaran Selayang … Responden-Responden (yang diputuskan oleh Hakim Tuan Osman Affendi bin Mohd Shalleh pada 21.11.2022)] S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg JUDGMENT Introduction [1] Every motor vehicle accident resulting in personal injuries represents a significant tragedy. In cases where the injured party is not blameworthy, they are typically compensated with damages that commensurate with the injuries suffered. In the present case, however, it was the findings of the Sessions Court that the Plaintiff had failed to prove his case against the Defendants, on a balance of probabilities, thereby rendering him from any entitlement as to damages. Discontent with the judgment rendered by the learned Sessions Court Judge, the Plaintiff has sought recourse through an appeal to this Court. The Superseding Issue [2] The overarching issue in this appeal is whether the learned Sessions Court Judge had erred in fact and/or in law in finding that the Plaintiff has failed to prove his case against the Defendants. The Parties and the Background Facts [3] The Plaintiff, Kartigeyan a/l Ramasamy, was riding a motorcycle on the 26th of November, 2017 when he hit the road kerb at Jalan Aman Puri, Kepong. The incident happened at about 4.00am and the Plaintiff suffered serious injuries as a result of the said accident. S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg [4] The First Defendant, Panjang Upaya Sdn Bhd, was a contractor appointed by the Second Defendant to carry out repair and maintenance work at site of the accident. [5] The Second Defendant is the Selayang Municipal Council, which is responsible for the maintenance of roads within its administrative district. [6] As per the medical report dated the 15th of July, 2019, the Plaintiff was diagnosed with Small acute intraparenchymal hemorrhage at left temporal lobe and left inferior frontal lobe with subarachnoid hemorrhage adjacent to right sylvian fissure, Grade 3 right liver lobe injury, Right adrenal gland hematoma, Grade 2 splenic injury Right hemopneumothorax with right lower lobe contusions - LUNGS, Right 1,2,3,8,9,10 ribs fractures. Proceedings at the Sessions Court [7] In the trial, there were a total of six witnesses who testified: four in favour of the Plaintiff and one witness each for the First and Second Defendants. [8] The learned Sessions Court Judge explained how he has reached his decision on liability as follows: [8] Seksyen 101 Akta Keterangan 1950 memperuntukkan seperti berikut: S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg “(1) Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist.
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When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person.” [9] Dalam kes WONG THIN YIT v MOHAMED ALI [1971] 2 MLJ 175, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “In a negligence action the onus of proof rests wholly on the plaintiff, whether or not the defendant gives evidence. The plaintiff cannot succeed without proof of the defendant's negligence. Evidence is the foundation of proof, with which it must not be confounded. Proof is that which leads to a conclusion as to the truth or falsity of alleged facts which are the subject of inquiry. Evidence, if accepted and believed, may result in proof, but itis not necessarily proof of itself.": see 15 Halsbury (3rd Ed.) p. 260.” [10] Berdasarkan keterangan-keterangan yang dikemukakan oleh saksi-saksi Plaintif dan ekshibit-ekshibit yang dikemukakan, Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa, di atas imbangan kebarangkalian, Plaintif telah gagal untuk membuktikan bahawa kecederaan yang dialami oleh Plaintif adalah berpunca daripada kecuaian Defendan Pertama dan/atau Defendan Kedua seperti yang diplidkan dalam Pernyataan Tuntutan. Alasan kepada dapatan Mahkamah ini adalah seperti berikut:
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10.1 Berbeza daripada kes kemalangan yang biasa difailkan di Mahkamah di mana ia melibatkan pelanggaran antara dua atau lebih pihak (sama ada melibatkan orang perseorangan S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg dengan kenderaan atau pun kenderaan dengan kenderaan), tuntutan kerugian yang dibuat dalam tindakan ini adalah berpunca dari kecederaan yang dialami oleh Plaintif apabila beliau sendiri telah terlanggar pembahagi jalan lalu terjatuh semasa menunggang motorsikal di Jalan tersebut, tanpa penglibatan mana-mana orang atau kenderaan lain. Ini bermakna tidak wujud mana-mana pihak iain (kecuali saksi bebas, sekiranya ada) yang boleh’ mengesahkan bukan sahaja mekanisme kemalangan tersebut, tetapi - yang lebih penting lagi bahawa kemalangan tersebut benar-benar berlaku. Oleh itu, beban bukti adalah terletak di atas Plaintif untuk membuktikan bahawa kemalangan tersebut, sebagaimana yang diplidkan, memang berlaku;
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10.2 Berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi Plaintif seramai empat orang, hanya SP3, iaitu Plaintif sendiri sahaja yang telah mengemukakan keterangan bahawa kemalangan tersebut telah berlaku sebagaimana yang diplidkan. Walau bagaimanapun, Mahkamah ini hendaklah berhati-hati dalam menilai dan menerima keterangan yang dikemukakan oleh Plaintif memandangkan beliau adalah pihak yang berkepentingan dalam tindakan ini. Tambahan pula, keterangan Plaintif sendiri adalah meragukan kerana semasa beliau memberi keterangan, arah perjalanan yang dilalui sebelum kemalangan yang diterangkan oleh Plaintif adalah bercanggah dengan arah perjalanan beliau yang diterangkan oleh Pegawai Penyiasat (SP1), iaitu orang yang merakam percakapan dan menemubual Plaintif. Plaintif sendiri kemudiannya bersetuju bahawa arah perjalanan seperti yang diterangkan oleh SP1 adalah arah perjalanan yang betul. Percanggahan dalam mengingati dan S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg mengemukakan satu maklumat yang sangat penting kepada kes Plaintif sendiri ini, iaitu butiran sebelum kemalangan tersebut berlaku, pada hemat Mahkamah ini, memberi kesan kepada kebolehpercayaan keterangan Plaintif, terutamanya berkaitan kemalangan tersebut;
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10.3 Kakak Plaintif (SP4) memberikan keterangan bahawa beliau dan ibu beliau telah dimaklumkan tentang kemalangan tersebut oleh seorang perempuan Melayu yang menghubungi Ibu beliau dan kemudiannya dihubungi oleh SP4 melalui telefon. Walau bagaimanapun, mengesahkan bahawa maklumat sedemikian tidak dilaporkan kepada beliau semasa Plaintif membuat laporan polis (sila rujuk mukasurat 36 dalam Kandungan 9) mahupun semasa beliau merakam percakapan Plaintif. Oleh itu, memandangkan perempuan Melayu tersebut tidak dikemukakan sebagai saksi Plaintif, malahan Plaintif sendiri gagal untuk mengemukakan apa-apa butiran berkaitan perempuan Melayu tersebut, kewujudan perempuan Melayu tersebut adalah tidak dapat dibuktikan. Walau apa pun, Mahkamah ini tidak menerima keterangan yang dikatakan dimaklumkan oleh perempuan Melayu tersebut kepada SP4 bahawa Plaintif telah mengalami kemalangan di Jalan tersebut dan beliau adalah orang yang memanggil ambulans untuk menghantar Plaintif ke hospital kerana ia merupakan keterangan cakap dengar (hearsay);
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10.4 SP1 adalah orang yang menyiasat kemalangan ini, dan beliau mengesahkan bahawa tiada saksi bebas yang boleh mengesahkan kemalangan tersebut berlaku. Antara lain, keterangan SP1 yang relevan bagi maksud menentukan S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg sama ada kemalangan tersebut telah berlaku sebagaimana yang diplidkan adalah seperti berikut:
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tidak dimaklumkan oleh Plaintif tentang kewujudan mahupun keterangan seorang perempuan Melayu yang memanggil ambulans yang menghantar Plaintif ke hospital. Ini adalah bercanggah dengan keterangan Plaintif bahawa beliau telah memaklumkan yang sedemikian kepada SP1;
b
SP1 telah melawat tempat yang dikatakan sebagai tempat kemalangan pada 11.12.2017 dan memeriksa pembahagi jalan di Jalan tersebut dan tidak nampak apa-apa kesan pelanggaran atau calar di pembahagi jalan tersebut;
c
SP1 telah melawat tempat yang dikatakan sebagai tempat kemalangan pada 11.12.2017 (kemalangan dilaporkan berlaku pada 26.11.2017) dan memeriksa Jalan tersebut dan mendapati tiada apa-apa serpihan motorsikal atau pun kesan kemalangan di Jalan tersebut;
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SP1 tidak pasti lokasi sebenar kemalangan kerana ia tidak dinyatakan dalam laporan polis Plaintif dan Plaintif sendiri tidak bersama dengan SP1 semasa SP1 pergi ke tempat yang dikatakan tempat kemalangan;
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mengesahkan bahawa Jalan tersebut mempunyai cahaya yang terang dan mencukupi untuk pengguna jalan raya; S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg
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SP1 mengesahkan bahawa motorsikal yang dikatakan terlibat dalam kemalangan tersebut telah tidak dibawa oleh Plaintif untuk pemeriksaan beliau walaupun telah diarahkan untuk dibawa, dan dengan itu beliau tidak dapat mengesahkan sama ada gambar-gambar motorsikal yang dikemukakan oleh Plaintif bagi menyokong tuntutannya adalah sememangnya menunjukkan motorsikal yang terlibat dengan kemalangan tersebut;
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SP1 tidak pernah memeriksa motorsikal yang ditunggang Plaintif yang terlibat dalam kemalangan tersebut, dan dengan itu tidak dapat memastikan sama ada kerosakan motorsikal tersebut adalah konsisten dengan mekanisme kemalangan seperti yang diplidkan;
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SP1 tidak dapat mengesahkan sama ada laporan polis yang dibuat oleh Plaintif adalah sahih; dan
i
SP1 tidak dapat mengesahkan bahawa kemalangan seperti yang diplidkan oleh Plaintif benar-benar berlaku.
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10.5 Berdasarkan keterangan SP1 tersebut, Mahkamah ini mendapati tiada apa-apa keterangan positif yang boleh menunjukkan kepada Mahkamah ini bahawa kemalangan tersebut telah benar-benar berlaku sebagaimana yang diplidkan oleh Plaintif. Tiada mana-mana saksi bebas yang memberikan keterangan bahawa kemalangan tersebut telah dilihat berlaku atau pun boleh mengesahkan yang ia S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg memang berlaku, di mana perempuan Melayu (dan juga pemandu ambulans yang tentunya boleh dikesan melalui rekod hospital, sekiranya benar Plaintif telah dihantar oleh ambulans yang dipanggil oleh perempuan Melayu tersebut) tidak dipanggil untuk memberi keterangan. Selanjutnya, motorsikal yang dikatakan terlibat dalam kemalangan tersebut juga tidak dikemukakan oleh Plaintif untuk diperiksa oleh SP1 bagi meneliti kerosakan yang wujud bagi menentukan sama ada ia konsisten derigan mekanisme kemalangan sepertimana yang diplidkan. Keterangan yang ada hanyalah yang dikemukakan oleh Plaintif sendiri, yang tidak boleh diterima bulat-bulat oleh Mahkamah ini bukan hanya kerana terdapat percanggahan antaranya dengan keterangan SP1, tetapi juga kerana tiada apa-apa keterangan lain yang menyokong keterangan Plaintif;. [11] Dalam kes Pacific & Orient Insurance Co Bhd v Tang Loon Pau (claiming for personal injury) & Ors [2021] 11 MLJ 933, Mahkamah Tinggi telah memutuskan seperti berikut: “[37] ... The Court of Appeal in Kalai Selvan had made it clear that like in any other civil suits, the plaintiff in an accident case must discharge his burden of proof and prove on a balance of probabilities that the accident was caused by the defendant and that the injuries and damages he suffered were a result of and/or caused by the accident, as required unders 107 of the Evidence Act 1950. it is only after the plaintiff has discharged his burden of proof and proven his case on a balance of probabilities, will the burden of proof shift onto the insurance company to prove its allegation of fraud.” [penekanan ditambah] S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg Dalam tindakan ini, Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa Plaintif telah gagal untuk melepaskan beban pembuktiannya dan membuktikan, atas imbangan kebarangkalian, bahawa kemalangan tersebut telah disebabkan oleh kecuaian Defendan*Defendan, dan kecederaan dan kerugian yang dialami beliau adalah disebabkan oleh kemalangan tersebut. Oleh yang demikian, beban pembuktian telah tidak berpindah kepada Defendan-Defendan untuk mengemukakan kes pembelaan bagi menafikan kecualan masing-masing. Dalam kes Mohammad Hazri bin Ramle Iwn John Doe dan satu lagi [2013] 9 MLJ 902, Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan seperti berikut: “(20] Adalah menjadi suatu prinsip yang mantap bahawa beban pembuktian adalah terletak di bahu plaintif untuk membuktikan kesnya di atas imbangan kebarangkalian. Oleh itu, selagi plaintif tidak berjaya membuktikan kesnya, bukanlah tugas defendan untuk menunjukkan beliau tidak cuai dalam kemalangan tersebut.” [12] Sehubungan dengan itu, di atas imbangan kebarangkalian, Mahkamah mendapati bahawa Plaintif telah gagal membuktikan tuntutannya. Oleh itu, tuntutan Plaintif ditolak dengan kos mengikut skala di bawah Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012. [9] The key reasons can be gleaned from paragraph [10] of the learned Sessions Court Judges grounds of judgment. The Parties’ Contentions in this Appeal [10] The Plaintiff’s appeal against the decision of the Sessions Court on the issue of liability is premised on the following grounds, namely that the learned Judge: S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg • Failed to assess the evidence given by an independent witness who received a call and was informed of the accident; • Failed to assess the evidence given by the Investigating Officer who confirmed the accident place; • Made an error in finding that the Plaintiff was 100% liable; • Failed to consider the admission by the Defendants that the said accident took place in the midst of repair and maintenance work; • Failed to evaluate the role of the First Defendant as a highway concessionaire to provide a safe environment to road users; and • Failed to evaluate the role of the Second Defendant as the local authority who owes a duty of care to ensure that public streets are kept in good repair etc for road users. [11] The Defendants did not deny that construction works had been carried out at the site of the accident. However, they refute the argument of having breached their duty of care. [12] The Defendants also denied that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor applied in the instant case. The Decision of this Court [13] It is of paramount importance that when determining an appeal, such as in the present case, this Court must diligently evaluate its merits. This S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg involves a meticulous review of the appeal records and a thorough consideration of written submissions and oral arguments before arriving at a decision. [14] In particular, this Court has scrutinized the grounds of judgment provided by the learned Sessions Court Judge, along with the legal authorities cited by the parties. [15] Given that the primary issue in this appeal pertains to matters concerning factual findings made by the lower court, this Court must be mindful of established principles regarding appellate intervention. In this regard, the remarks by the Federal Court in Johari bin Khalid & Anor v Mohamed Zamri bin Khalid & Anor [1984] 1 CLJ Rep 170; [1985] 1 MLJ 142; [1984] 1 MLRA 642 are apt. In that case, the Federal Court said: We appreciate that this appeal is mainly involved with the finding of facts by the court below and as such we should be slow or reluctant to disturb the finding unless it could be shown that the finding could not be sustained having regard to the evidence. [16] Again, in China Airlines Ltd v Maltran Air Corp Sdn Bhd & Anor Appeal [1996] 2 AMR 2233; [1996] 3 CLJ 163; [1996] 2 MLJ 517; [1996] 1 MLRA 260 the Federal Court reiterated the principle in the following terms: … a fundamental question of principle arises – which is, whether in the circumstances of the case, this court can interfere with the findings of fact of the court below. It is a settled principle of law that in an appeal, where facts have to be reviewed, it is undesirable that the findings of the court below should be disturbed by a court of appeal unless it appears that S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg those findings are clearly wrong, and more especially that it is undesirable to do so where the conclusions reached must to a large extent depend on the credibility of the witnesses and the impression formed by a court which has seen them and can judge their honesty and accuracy … [17] Together with the above cases are a long line of authorities that have expounded on the general principle and the exceptions/situations warranting departure from the established general principle on appellate intervention. [18] At the outset, this Court agrees with the Plaintiff that the Defendant, individually and collectively, owe a duty of care to all road users. [19] Be that as it may, in order for the Plaintiff to succeed on his claim, the Plaintiff bears the burden of proving, on a balance of probabilities, that the Defendants had breached their duty of care. [20] This Court acknowledges that the learned Sessions Court Judge has been thorough in his examination of the evidence before the court. [21] This Court is also unable to agree with the submissions made by the Plaintiff at paragraph [10] above. The overriding aspect of this case is that the Plaintiff has failed to discharge the burden of proving negligence on the part of the Defendants. [22] On the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor, the three elements are as follows: S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg
1
The incident was of a type that does not generally happen without negligence.
2
It was caused by an instrumentality solely in defendant's control.
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The plaintiff did not contribute to the cause. [23] While the evidence suggests the road divider/construction site may be solely within the First Defendant's control, the remaining elements are not sufficiently met. [24] As noted by the learned Sessions Court Judge, this case deviates from the norm of a typical motor vehicle accident. Occurring early in the morning with no independent witnesses, the lack of corroborating evidence poses a challenge for the Plaintiff's version of events. [25] Although the law aims to provide relief and compensation to tort victims, the courts can only intervene when the elements of the alleged tort are established. Regrettably, such is not the scenario in the current appeal. [26] Based on the aforementioned findings, the decision of the Sessions Court stands affirmed, and this appeal is dismissed. [27] Considering the overall circumstances of the case and the financial standing of the Plaintiff, together with the status of the First and Second Defendants, this Court believes that it is equitable that the First Defendant S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg is awarded minimal costs of RM3,000 and no costs is awarded to the Second Defendant. Dated: 10 June, 2024 sgd [CHOONG YEOW CHOY] Judicial Commissioner High Court of Malaya Shah Alam Counsel: Manoharan Malayalam for the Appellant (Messrs. M Manoharan & Co.) Mohd Amirul Faliq bin Mohd Faizal for the First Respondent (Messrs. Murali B Pillai & Assoc.) Navaseelan Suppiah for the Second Respondent (Messrs. Athi & Seelan) S/N rYZBzjUFgkK7ujJ5Ywcljg
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