PHANG LI KOON (NO. K/P: 511201-07-5311) ... RESPONDEN-RESPONDEN (Dalam Perkara Rayuan Jenayah No: P-06A-7-03/2017 dalam Mahkamah Rayuan Malaysia) Dalam Perkara Perbicaran Jenayah No: PA-44-3-01/2017 & PA-44-2-01/2017 Dalam Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Pulau Pinang) KORAM: YANG AMAT ARIF TUN RAUS SHARIF KETUA HAKIM NEGARA YANG AMAT ARIF TAN SRI DATO' SERI ZULKEFLI AHMAD MAKINUDIN PRESIDEN MAHKAMAH RAYUAN YANG AMAT ARIF TAN SRI DATUK WIRA AHMAD MAAROP HAKIM BESAR MALAYA YANG ARIF TAN SRI DATUK RAMLY ALI HAKIM MAHKAMAH PERSEKUTUAN YANG ARIF TAN SRI AZAHAR MOHAMED HAKIM MAHKAMAH PERSEKUTUAN DALAM MAHKAMAH TERBUKA PADA 14 HARIBULAN DISEMBER 2017 MPRJ NO: 05-195-08/2017 (P) PERINTAH RAYUAN INI yang ditetapkan untuk perbicaran pada hari ini dalam kehadiran Timbalan-Timbalan Pendakwa Raya Awang Armadajaya Awang Mahmud, Dato' Masri Mohd Daud, Abdul Rashid Daud, Nurul'huda Nuraini Mohd Nor, Mohd Ashrof Adrin Kamarul, Mohd Zain Ibrahim dan Muhammat Izzat Fauzan bagi pihak Perayu/Pendakwa Raya dan Gobind Singh Deo, Mohd Haijan Omar, Joanne Chua Tsu Fae, Dato' V. Sithambaram, Hisham Teh Poh Teik dan Ruebankumar, Peguambela-Peguambela bagi pihak Responden-Responden DAN SETELAH MEMBACA Notis Rayuan dan Rekod-Rekod Rayuan yang kesemuanya difailkan di sini DAN SETELAH MENDENGAR hujahan pihak-pihak yang tersebut di atas MAKA ADALAH DENGAN INI DIPERINTAHKAN bahawa rayuan Perayu/Pendakwa Raya dibenarkan DAN ADALAH JUGA DIPERINTAHKAN bahawa Seksyen 62 Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia adalah berperlembagaan DAN SETERUSNYA ADALAH DIPERINTAHKAN bahawa Perintah Mahkamah Rayuan diketepikan dan Perintah Mahkamah Tinggi dikekalkan melainkan penyerahan dokumen di bawah Seksyen 62 Akta SPRM hendaklah dibuat sebelum perbicaraan dimulakan dan bukan 14 hari dari tarikh 17 haribulan Mac 2017 seperti yang diperintahkan oleh Mahkamah Tinggi DAN SELANJUTNYA ADALAH DIPERINTAHKAN supaya perbicaraan diteruskan dengan segera MAKA AKHIRNYA ADALAH DIPERINTAHKAN bahawa kes ini ditetapkan untuk pengurusan kes di Mahkamah Tinggi Pulau Pinang pada 10 haribulan Januari 2018. DIBERI di bawah tandatangan saya dan Meterai Mahkamah pada 14 Disember 2017 NURUL MARDHIAH BINTI MOHAMMED REDZA TIMBALAN PENDAFTAR MAHKAMAH PERSEKUTUAN MALAYSIA ISTANA KEHAKIMAN PUTRAJAYA Daripada perintah tersebut, ternyatalah bahawa keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan yang dianggotai oleh 5 orang Hakim telah menjawab satu persoalan yang sangat spesifik iaitu persoalan berhubung dengan keabsahan peruntukan s 62 ASPRM 2019 yang dipertikaikan peguam perayu dalam permohonan di hadapan Mahkamah Tinggi. Semasa membenar rayuan pihak Pendakwa Raya terhadap keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Lim Guan Eng 2018, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah dengan jelas memutuskan bahawa peruntukan s 62 ASPRM 2019 adalah berperlembagaan. Dengan lain perkataan, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah secara spesifik memutuskan bahawa peruntukan s 62 ASPRM 2019 adalah sah dan tidak bertentangan dengan peruntukan Perlembagaan Persekutuan. [17] Berhubung dengan hujahan peguam perayu, kami telah meneliti 2 keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan yang dirujuk. Dalam kes Malaysian Motor Insurance Pool, Mahkamah Persekutuan berdepan dengan persoalan berhubung dengan isu liabiliti penanggung insurans bagi menanggung rugi pihak pemegang polisi insurans yang berdepan dengan tuntutan daripada pekerjanya sendiri di bawah kontrak dan di bawah peruntukan perenggan 91(1)(bb) Akta Pengangkutan Jalan 1987 berbanding dengan prinsip undang-undang di bawah 'common law'. Semasa mendapati satu keputusan terdahulu tanpa alasan keputusan bertulis adalah tidak mengikat, Mahkamah Persekutuan antara lainnya ada membuat pemerhatian sepertimana berikut: [78] Our lengthy exegesis up to this point is to highlight how the common law has come a long way in developing the jurisprudence on this subject especially where the contractual clauses falling for consideration in these cases are materially the same as those in the insurance policy before us. At this juncture, what remains to be discussed is the Federal Court's decision in Saw. [79] Unfortunately, we do not have the benefit of a written judgment from the Federal Court. What we have by way of assistance is the editorial note in the reported judgment of the High Court. The note indicates that the Federal Court reversed the High Court decision because: 'there was no cross-appeal by the respondents against the trial judge's finding that the plaintiff (the lorry attendant) was not a passenger'. As such the learned trial judge should have held that the exceptions to Section II of the policy applied. Hence, the insurer was not liable to indemnify the defendants. [80] Our analysis of the Saw decision is important as the plaintiff is urging us to depart from the common law position on the basis of the said decision. Having expounded the common law in the manner it has developed since Digby and Richards, we see no reason to depart from that position. [81] Uppermost in our minds is the fact that the Federal Court decision in Saw was delivered without any written judgment. What we have is merely the editorial note, the relevant portion of which reads as follows: The Federal Court allowed the appeal of the insurer, without delivering any written judgement... The Federal Court held that there was no cross-appeal by the respondent against the trial judge's finding that the plaintiff (the lorry attendant) was not a passenger. As such the learned trial judge should have held that the exceptions to section II of the Policy applied. Hence the insurer was not liable to indemnify the defendant. [82] Without a written judgment the Federal Court's reasons for allowing the appeal as alluded to in the editorial note, is in our view purely speculative, and cannot be regarded as authoritative and/or binding. We would therefore disagree with the plaintiff that the Court of Appeal erred and "was in breach of stare decisis " when it did not consider itself bound to follow Saw. (penekanan kami tambah) [18] Sementara itu, dalam kes Vishnu Telagan pula, Mahkamah Persekutuan berdepan dengan isu keesahan kenyataan yang direkodkan pegawai penyiasat yang tidak ditandatangani oleh orang yang ditahan. Pihak responden dalam kes tersebut mendakwa bahawa isu pernyataan yang defektif telah diputuskan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Kamal Azam Norddin v. Timbalan Menteri Dalam Negeri & Ors [2018] 1 LNS 1550 (Criminal Appeal No: 05(HC)-133-05-2018(B)) yang disampaikan pada 24.1.2019. Namun begitu, tiada alasan keputusan secara bertulis disediakan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan: [40] The respondents argued that the Federal Court there had heard a similar argument on this point and refused the detainee a writ of habeas corpus. As at the date of our decision in this appeal, no written grounds had been delivered in respect of that case and so we were therefore unable to glean any reasons why such a decision was made. Therefore, we did not see how the said judgment lent any support to the respondents' case. Surely, in arriving at our decision, we had to consider and apply the law according to the facts and circumstances of this case. (penekanan kami tambah) [19] Jelasnya, kedua-dua kes yang dirujuk peguam perayu tersebut melibatkan keputusan yang dibuat ke atas persoalan undang-undang yang tipikal dengan persoalan fakta masing-masingnya. Berbanding dengan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam Rayuan Jenayah No: 05-195-08/2017 (P), ianya adalah bagi menjawab satu persoalan undang-undang yang spesifik berhubung dengan kewajipan penyerahan pernyataan pembelaan oleh orang kena tuduh di bawah s 62 ASPRM 2009. Dengan itu, keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes-kes Malaysian Motor Insurance Pool dan keputusan kes Vishnu Telagan perlulah dibezakan. [20] Seperkara lagi, perintah ekshibit "LGE-3" bertarikh 14.12.2017 secara jelas menyatakan bahawa Mahkamah Persekutuan telah pun membaca rekod-rekod rayuan yang difailkan dan telah mendengar hujahan-hujahan yang dikemukakan oleh peguam kedua belah pihak sebelum membuat keputusan. Dengan itu, kami berpandangan bahawa keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Rayuan Jenayah No: 05- 195-08/2017 (P) adalah suatu keputusan yang muktamad sifatnya dan mengikat di bawah prinsip duluan walaupun tiada alasan keputusan secara bertulis disediakan. [21] Bagi menyokong pandangan tersebut, kami merujuk kepada keputusan terkini Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Tenaga Nasional Berhad v. Chew Thai Kay & Anor [2022] 1 LNS 2 berhubung dengan isu ketiadaan alasan keputusan. Di muka surat 12 dan 13 kes yang dirujuk, Azahar Mohamed HBM yang menyampaikan keputusan bagi pihak Mahkamah telah memutuskan: [22] These conflicting decisions of the two Court of Appeals in Mayaria CA (supra) and Karun Klasik (supra) were later resolved by this Court when the two cases were heard together on appeal. As we have indicated earlier, on 4th September 2019 this Court upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal in Mayaria CA (supra) and reversed the Court of Appeal's decision in Karun Klasik (supra). Unfortunately, the Federal Court has not provided the written ground for these decisions. We would observe at this juncture, that it was not open to the Court of Appeal in Karun Klasik (supra) to depart from its earlier decision in Mayaria CA (supra), which was decided earlier as the rule of legal precedence must be followed in the interest of certainty (see Young v. Bristol Aeroplane [1944] K.B. 718, P M Hendry v. George John De Cruz [1948] 1 LNS 39; [1949] supp MLJ 25, Davis v. Johnson [1978] 1 All ER 1132 and Kejuruteraan Bintai Kindenko Sdn Bhd v. Fong Soon Leong [2021] 5 CLJ 1; CA ("Kejuruteraan Bintai Kindenko"). We will say more about the importance of obedience of judicial precedence in the later part of our judgment. Even though the Federal Court has not provided the written grounds, the extract of the brief reasons provided by the Federal Court in Mayaria FC (supra) as recorded on the CMS system reads, inter alia, as follows: "We agree with the COA's interpretation of section 38(1) in case no. 9 - Mayaria case that the power of disconnection is lost once the tempered meter is rectified." It is therefore clear as to what was decided earlier by this Court on this matter. (penekanan kami tambah) Jelasnya, ketiadaan alasan keputusan secara bertulis yang disediakan Mahkamah Persekutuan bagi sesuatu keputusan itu, bukanlah satu alasan untuk menyatakan bahawa keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan tersebut tidak mengikat di bawah prinsip duluan mengikat. [22] Berhubung dengan prinsip duluan mengikat pula, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes yang sama telah dengan tegas menyatakan pendirian sepertimana berikut: [30] We will say at once that overturning our own precedent is a serious matter. This Court must always respect its own precedents. The rule of legal precedence must be followed in the interest of certainty. Great sanctity must be attached to the finality of our judgment. This is not to say that this Court should never depart from an earlier decision. We do not blindly honour stare decisis. While it is true that we can overturn our own precedent in exceptional cases where it is really necessary, as an apex Court, we need to be cautious about departing from our own earlier decision especially in a case that concerns the interpretation of a legislative provision, lest we lose the trust of public by persistent shifts of laws. The law is about stability, predictability and certainty that allow the public and the business community to plan and organize their lives based on the previous precedent. A degree of certainty, consistency and predictability in the law is one of the foundations upon which our justice system operates. Therefore, we remind ourselves that it is of utmost importance this Court adheres to its past rulings. In Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Tay Chai Huat [2012] 3 CLJ 577; FC, Ariffin Zakaria CJ in delivering the judgment of this court reminded us at para 35: "[35]...It is of supreme importance that people may know with certainty what the law is, and this can be attained by a loyal adherence to the doctrine of stare decisis. Little respect will be paid to our judgments if we overthrow that one day which we have resolved the day before." [31] In the later part of his judgment His Lordship added at para 50: "[50]...I would think that this court must follow its own proclamation of law made earlier on other cases and honour these rulings. After all, this court is the highest court in the country." [32] Which brings us to the recent decision of this Court in Asia Pacific Higher Learning Sdn Bhd v. Perubatan Malaysia & Anor [2020] 3 CLJ 153; [2020] 2 MLJ; FC where we said at para 17: "[17] Indeed, the doctrine of stare decisis dictates that as a matter of a general rule of great importance the Federal Court is bound by its own previous decisions. However, there are exception circumstances that allow them to depart from the earlier decision, but such power must be used sparingly." [33] In another part of the judgment we further said at para 13: "[13]...Any decision of the Federal Court must be treated with utmost deference. More significantly, in my opinion, it is not a good policy for us at the highest court of the land to leave the law in a state of uncertainty by departing from our recent decisions. That will put us in a bad light as the Federal Court will then purports to be in a state of quandary when deciding a case. It is also a bad policy for us to keep the law in such a state of uncertainty particularly upon a question of interpretation of a statutory provision that comes up regularly for consideration before the courts." [34] While still on the subject of the importance of obedience of judicial precedence, the point is aptly put by Darryl Goon JCA, to which we respectfully agree, in delivering the latest judgment of the Court of Appeal on this subject matter in the case of Kejuruteraan Bintai Kindenko (supra) as follows at para 72: "[72] ... While judges may no doubt sincerely have differences in views, there is also public interest to consider. It would be a lamentable state of the law if members of the public, in whatever sector, are unable to secure legal advice of sufficient certainty in order to properly conduct or regulate their affairs because of a confusing melee of conflicting legal decisions by the courts." Berasaskan keputusan tersebut, kami mengulangi pendirian kami bahawa keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam Rayuan Jenayah No: 05-195-08/2017 (P) yang telah memutuskan secara jelas dan spesifik berhubung dengan kewajipan penyerahan pernyataan pembelaan oleh orang kena tuduh di bawah s 62 ASPRM 2009 adalah muktamad dan mengikat, walaupun tiada alasan keputusan secara bertulis disediakan. [23] Beralih kepada persoalan undang-undang kedua, ianya adalah berkaitan dengan isu saksi dan kenyataan yang dirakam daripada saksi semasa siasatan dijalankan. Menurut peguam perayu, pihak pembelaan perlu mendapatkan sesalinan rakaman percakapan saksi yang diberikan Dato' Zarul yang disebut dalam pertuduhan yang dihadapi perayu bagi tujuan mencabar kebolehpercayaan keterangan Dato' Zarul. Dengan adanya keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Siti Aisyah, dihujahkan bahawa undang-undang berhubung dengan status kenyataan saksi sebagai suatu dokumen yang dilindungi sepenuhnya menjadi tidak jelas. Memandangkan permohonan bagi penzahiran dokumen di bawah s 51 KTJ perlu dibuat di mahkamah bicara iaitu di Mahkamah Sesyen, maka perayu tidak akan berpeluang untuk mendapat keputusan muktamad sehingga ke peringkat Mahkamah Persekutuan. [24] Dengan hormatnya, kami juga tidak dapat bersetuju dengan hujahan peguam perayu. Kami berpandangan bahawa prinsip undang-undang berkaitan permohonan di bawah s 51 KTJ bagi penzahiran dokumen, termasuklah bagi mendapatkan pernyataan saksi yang dirakam semasa penyiasatan, adalah jelas dan mantap. Isu yang cuba dibangkitkan perayu bukannya satu isu baru ataupun satu persoalan undang-undang yang unik. Terdapat banyak keputusan terdahulu yang diputuskan mahkamah di pelbagai peringkat yang boleh dijadikan panduan dan ikutan HMS sekiranya berdepan dengan permohonan bawah s 51 KTJ. Di antara lainnya, keputusan kes Husdi di peringkat Mahkamah Tinggi yang disahkan di Mahkamah Persekutuan, keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim dan kes Dato’ Seri Najib serta keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Siti Aishah. [25] Berpandukan prinsip undang-undang yang telah diputuskan dalam kes-kes terdahulu tersebut, kami berpandangan bahawa HMS yang tidak dicabar kewibawaannya oleh pihak perayu sudah tentulah berupaya untuk membuat pertimbangan dan seterusnya membuat keputusan sekiranya berdepan dengan permohonan yang sewajarnya. Dalam hal ini, Hakim KC Vohrah dalam kes Public Prosecutor v Dato Kee Yong Wee & Ors [1988] 2 MLJ 198 mengemukakan pandangan sepertimana berikut: Our Sessions Court judges, like their Singapore counterparts in the District Courts, are either barristers or otherwise have other recognized legal qualifications. And under our present system generally, our Sessions Court judges do not have less than seven years standing in the Judicial and Legal Service. In Kuala Lumpur, there are four Sessions Court judges and their experience as officers of the Judicial and Legal Service ranges from 11 years to 22 years. Section 417(1)(b) of our law corresponds with section 184(1)(b) of the Singapore Criminal Procedure Code. There have been several applications in Singapore under section 184(1)(b) for transfer of cases from the Subordinate Courts to the High Court. The reported decisions show that invariably these applications have been dismissed. P. Coomaraswamy J. in Lin v Public Prosecutor [1987] 1 MLJ 106 has discussed these and certain relevant Indian decisions (in respect of somewhat similar Indian provisions) in a historical perspective. Let it be noted that the provisions in India and in the Straits Settlements for transfer of cases on ground of some question of law of unusual difficulty arising were to cater for the past era where judicial officers who were supposed to hear certain difficult cases were either not legally qualified or were inexperienced to deal with them and could hardly have been expected to deal with intricate points of law. P. Coomaraswamy J. said at p. 109: "In the light of the decisions I have referred to, for the provisions of section 184(1)(b) to be successfully invoked today the case must be an extraordinarily rare one and I find it extremely difficult to think of one. For the historical reasons I have stated, and, given the qualifications and experience of district judges and the more senior magistrates, I am of the firm view that for all practical purposes and intent, paragraph (b) of section 184(1) has fallen into desuetude and obsolescence for transfer of cases to the High Court." [26] Sehubungan dengan itu, kami berpandangan bahawa persoalan undang-undang yang cuba dibangkitkan pihak perayu bukannya tergolong dalam persoalan undang-undang yang luar biasa sukarnya atau pun yang tidak pernah diputuskan sebelum ini. Dalam kes Oh Keng Seng V Public Prosecutor [1974] 2 MLJ 48, Hakim Hashim Yeop A Sani telah mengemukakan pandangan berkait dengan makna "undang-undang yang luar biasa sukarnya" sepertimana berikut: More specifically, the decision on this application may be made after considering paragraph (b) of section 417 of Criminal Procedure Code that is, if it appears to the court that some question of law of unusual difficulty is likely to arise the court may order that the case be transferred to and tried before itself. The use of the word "unusual" in that paragraph would seem to me to indicate that the difficulty in relation to the law involved must be such that either the question of law is one which is unique or out of the usual or ordinary or one which has not been dealt with by any court before. The fact that a constitutional point of great importance is expected to be raised during the trial is not sufficient ground to transfer under this section. The exercise of the power based upon such a ground would in my opinion result in absurdity because it will at least theoretically be possible to raise some constitutional question in a good number of criminal cases where the liberty or rights of the subject are involved. It may be argued, although I have my doubts, that paragraph (b) of section 417 may apply to a first prosecution under the new amendment to section 3 of the Sedition Act, 1948; but you cannot say that of this case either. As such I have gone through the affidavits of the applicant and the respondent and found nothing to satisfy section 417 of the Criminal Procedure Code for an order of transfer to be justified. (penekanan kami tambah) [27] Dengan itu, kami mendapati HMT tidak melakukan sebarang kesilapan apabila mendapati dan memutuskan bahawa perayu gagal memenuhi kehendak atau melepasi ambang yang diperlukan di bawah perenggan 417(1)(b) dan (e) KTJ. [28] Berdasarkan dapatan kami, prosiding perbicaraan yang sedang berjalan terhadap perayu di Mahkamah Sesyen, yang mana seramai 8 orang saksi telah pun dipanggil untuk memberikan keterangan pada masa kami mendengar rayuan ini perlulah diteruskan tanpa gangguan. Kesimpulan [29] Melainkan jika perayu berjaya melepasi ambang yang diperlukan di bawah s 417 KTJ bagi membolehkan prosiding perbicaraan kes perayu yang sedang berjalan di Mahkamah Sesyen dipindahkan ke Mahkamah Tinggi, kami berpandangan bahawa pendekatan perayu menggunakan s 417 KTJ khusus untuk menjadikan perbicaraan di Mahkamah Tinggi sebagai landasan atau batu loncatan untuk membawa rayuan perayu sehingga ke Mahkamah Persekutuan, tidak sewajarnya dibenarkan. Perlu diulangi bahawa perayu telah gagal memenuhi kehendak di perenggan 417(1)(b) dan (e) KTJ. [30] Dengan itu, kami sebulat suara menolak rayuan perayu dan mengekalkan keputusan HMT. Tarikh: 23 Februari 2022 t.t. CHE MOHD RUZIMA BIN GHAZALI Hakim Mahkamah Rayuan Malaysia Peguamcara bagi pihak Perayu : Gobind Singh Deo (Ramkarpal Singh, Mohd Haijan Omar bersamanya) [Karpal Singh & Co.] Peguamcara bagi pihak Responden Wan Shaharuddin bin Wan Ladin (Law Chin How, Francine a/p Cheryl Rajendran bersamanya) [Jabatan Peguam Negara (AGC)]