where the debts are paid in full. The first situation is relevant in our case. And, in considering whether a receiving order ought to have been made, the appellate Court would consider the actual state of affairs at the date of the order and would, generally speaking, not take into account matters that had occurred after that date. In Re 8 Dunn (a Bankrupt), Ex p. Official Receiver v. Dunn [1949] 2AER 388 CA, Sir Raymond Evershed, MR said: I think Counsel for the official receiver is right in saying that, in judging whether the order ought to have been made, the Court is entitled to have regard to the actual state of affairs at the date of the order, which may appear from evidence subsequently filed, and certainly would not appear from the bare statement on the formal Petition which alone was before the Court when the order was made. I do not think, however, that one is entitled, in determining whether the order ought to have been made under the first limb of the subsection to take into account facts which have occurred after the date of the order. (p. 392).The powers to rescind and to annul a receiving order and an adjudication order are discretionary and the principles governing the exercise of the discretion are, broadly speaking, the same. See In re a Debtor (No. 446 of 1918) [19201 1 KB 461 @ 465 applied in Re a Debtor (No. 12 of 1970) ex p. the Official Receiver v. The Debtor 119711 1 AER 504. All the relevant facts and circumstances must be considered. Where the Court of first instance has exercised its discretion, a strong case would be required to authorise or induce the Appellate Court to interfere.” [19] Di dalam kes berikutnya pada tahun 2005, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Bungsar Hill Holdings Sdn. Bhd. v Dr.Amir Farid Datuk Isahak [2005] 2 CLJ 809 di ms 819 menyatakan seperti berikut: “So, I am of the view that that the provisions should not he read to cover only technical defects, but it is wider and includes other ‘legal 9 grounds’ like abuse of the process of the court (this is only an example). However, I do not think that it should be stretched too far to cover extraneous ‘moral’ or ‘equitable’ grounds. It has to be a legal ground as the court is only concerned with the law.” [20] JC/Responden di dalam bantahan awalnya menghujahkan bahawa JD/Perayu adalah dihentikan/estopped daripada menfailkan pemohonan yang sama untuk kali kedua memandangkan permohonan tersebut pada awalnya telah diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Rayuan. Dengan kata lain, JC/Responden membangkitkan bantahan awal mengenai isu Res Judicata. Oleh yang demikian, JC/Responden berpendapat bahawa JD/Responden telah menyalahgunakan proses Mahkamah. [21] Ke arah itu mahkamah ingin merujuk kepada kes Chee PokChoy & Ors v Scotch leasing Sdn Bhd [2001] 4 MLJ 346 yang mana Gopal Sri Ram JCA merujuk di dalam kes Henderson v Henderson [1843] 67 ER 313 yang mana Wigram VC di muka surat 319 telah memutuskan bahawa: “In trying this question I believe I state the rule of the court correctly when I say that, where a given matter becomes the subject of litigation in, and of adjudication by, a court of competent jurisdiction, the court requires the parties to that litigation to bring forward their whole case, and will not (except under special circumstances) permit the same parties to open the same subject of litigation in respect of matter which might have been brought forward as part of the subject matter which might have been brought forward as part of the subject in contest, but which was not brought forward, only because they 10 have, from negligence, inadvertence, or even accident, omitted part of their case. The plea of res judicata applies, except in special cases, not only to points upon which the court was actually required by the parties to form an opinion and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time……” [22] Kesan doktrin res judicata juga telah diputuskan di dalam kes Asia Commercial Finance (M) Berhad v Kawal Teiti Sdn Bhd [1995] 3 CLJ 783 yang mana: “…The effect is that parties and their privies are not allowed to litigate again on the same matter as the judgment becomes the truth between the parties. The rationale is that it is in the public interest that there should be finality in litigation and that parties should not be vexed twice for the same causes of action. The maxim also applies to issues or causes of action which should have been raised in the original action which resulted in the final judgment. This has been aptly explained in the case of Henderson v Henderson [1843] 3 Hare 100 115 which is: “The plea of Res judicata applies, except in special cases, not only to points upon which the Court was actually required by the parties to form an opinion and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation and which the parties, 11 exercising reasonable diligence might have brought forward at the time. “In order to prevent multiplicity of actions and also in order to protect the underlying rationales of estoppel per rem judicatum and not to act against them, such estoppel of cause has been extended to all other causes of action (based on the same facts or issues) which should have been litigated or asserted in the original earlier action resulting in the final judgment and which were not either deliberately or due to inadvertence.” [23] JD/Perayu juga mendakwa bahawa Permohonan yang difailkan untuk kali kedua ini dibuat kononnya atas isu kepentingan awam. [24] Mahkamah ini bersetuju dengan hujahan JC/Responden yang mana JD/Perayu tidak wajar untuk membuat permohonan yang sama untuk kali kedua semata-mata oleh kerana kecuaian dan/atau kegagalan JD/Perayu untuk membangkit isu-isu tersebut dalam permohonan yang pertama. Tambahan pula, JD/Perayu telah menggunapakai dokumen/kertas kausa yang sama dan telah sedia ada dari mula lagi dan tiada sebarang isu baru dibangkitkan. [25] Mahkamah juga berpendapat bahawa perbuatan JD/Perayu dengan memfailkan permohonan kali kedua berdasarkan isu dan peruntukkan yang sama telah memprejudiskan pihak JC/Perayu dan adalah bertentangan dengan kepentingan awam untuk mencapai finaliti di dalam sesuatu prosiding. 12 [26] Seterusnya Mahkamah ini juga berpendapat bahawa kepentingan awam bukan sahaja perlu diambil kira ke atas JD/Perayu namun Mahkamah juga perlu mengambil kira kepentingan JC/Responden sebagai satu institusi kewangan yang telah memberi bantuan kewangan/pinjaman terhadap JD/Responden yang mana beliau tidak pernah menafikan keberhutangan beliau terhadap JC/Responden. [27] Bagi isu ‘Permohonan Si Piutang’, JD/Perayu mendakwa bahawa Mahkamah tiada bidang kuasa memberi Perintah Penghukuman mahupun Perintah Penerimaan pada 19/11/2013 melalui satu Permohonan si Piutang. JD/Perayu menyatakan lagi bahawa Mahkamah hanya mempunyai bidangkuasa memberi Perintah Penerimaan apabila dipersembahkan dengan satu Petisyen Kebankrapan yang mematuhi dengan Peraturan 99 di bawah Peraturan-peraturan Kebankrapan 1969 dan Borang 9. [28] Mahkamah ingin merujuk kepada Seksyen 131 Akta Kebankrapan dan Kaedah 274 Kaedah-kaedah Kebankrapan yang memperuntukkan bahawa: "s. 131. Formal defect not to invalidate proceedings No proceeding in bankruptcy shall be invalidated by any formal defect or by any irregularity, unless the court before which an objection is made to the proceeding is of opinion that substantial injustice has been caused by the defect or irregularity and that the injustice cannot be remedied by any order of that court." 13 "274. Effect of non-compliance with Rules Non-compliance with any of these Rules or with any rule of practice for the time being in force shall not render any proceeding void unless the Court shall so direct but such proceeding may be set aside either wholly or in part as irregular or amended or otherwise dealt with in such manner and upon such terms as the Court may think fit." [29] Lord Diplock di dalam kes Rengasamy Pillai v. Comptroller of Income Tax [1970] 1 LNS 139; [1970] 1 MLJ 233 telah memutuskan bahawa: “What then is a 'formal defect or irregularity' within the meaning of the section? This was discussed in relation to a bankruptcy notice in Re A Debtor ex p The Debtor v. Bowmaker Ltd. [1951] 1 Ch 313 in which the earlier authorities were considered. The test there laid down was whether the defect in the notice was of such a kind as could reasonably mislead a debtor upon whom it was served. If it was, the notice was not validated by the section notwithstanding that the particular debtor upon whom it was served was not in fact misled. If on the other hand it could not reasonably mislead the debtor it was a formal defect and validated by the section.” [30] Di dalam kes Re Joseph Phun Yeat Mun, Ex P ABN-Amro Bank N V [1997] 1 LNS 210; [1997] MLJU 145 Mahkamah ada menyatakan seperti berikut: 14 "The predominant factor deciding whether any proceeding in bankruptcy shall be invalidated and or rendered void is the injustice that has been caused by the defect, irregularity or non-compliance. Only if the court is of the opinion that substantial injustice has been caused by the defect, irregularity or non-compliance and that the injustice cannot be remedied by an order of court, may a proceeding in bankruptcy be rendered void, set aside either wholly or in part as irregular or amended or otherwise dealt with in such manner and upon such terms as the court may think fit." [31] Adalah jelas s. 131 Akta Kebankrapan diwujudkan bagi membolehkan sebarang kesilapan yang tidak memprejudiskan atau ‘mislead’ JD/Perayu boleh diubati melalui Perintah Mahkamah dan tanpa perlu keselurahan tindakan dibuang. [32] Pada pandangan mahkamah, Permohonan Si Piutang dan Petisyen Pemiutang membawa maksud yang sama dan ianya adalah kesilapan teknikal semata-mata serta boleh diubah di bawah s. 131 Akta Kebankrapan 1967. [33] Merujuk kepada Borang 9 di bawah Kaedah-kaedah Kebankrapan, ianya menggunapakai PETISYEN PEMIUTANG dan bukannya PETISYEN KEBANKRAPAN sebagaimana yang didakwa oleh pihak JD/Perayu. [34] Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa tiada sebarang ‘miscarriage of justice’ berlaku ke atas pihak JD/Perayu di atas kesilapan yang berlaku di dalam kes ini. Tambahan pula, JD/Perayu yang sememangnya di dalam 15 pengetahuan mengenai keberhutangan beliau terhadap JC/Responden. Mahkamah bersetuju dengan keputusan yang telah dibuat oleh Penolong Kanan Pendaftar bahawa isu kesilapan tersebut boleh dipinda dengan perintah Mahkamah atas alasan kesilapan yang dilakukan oleh pihak JC/Responden tidak mengakibatkan ‘miscarriage of justice’ terhadap JD/Perayu. [35] JD/Perayu juga telah membangkitkan alasan bahawa pengiraan tunggakan faedah dalam Notis Kebankrapan yang dikeluarkan oleh JC/Responden bertarikh 25/04/2013 adalah diluar tempoh 6 tahun dan melanggar Seksyen 6(3) Akta Had Masa 1953. Maka pelanggaran Seksyen 6(3) Akta Had Masa 1953 tersebut menjadikan Notis Kebankrapan tersebut void ab initio, justeru itu JC/Responden tidak berhak untuk menfailkan Permohonan Si Piutang bertarikh 23/07/2013 memandangkan JD/Perayu tidak melakukan sebarang perbuatan kebankrapan (‘act of bankruptcy’) dan Perintah Penghukuman dan Perintah Penerimaan bertarikh 19/11/2003 adalah tidak sah dan defektif. [36] JC/Responden berhujah bahawa pengiraan tunggakan faedah dalam Notis Kebankrapan tersebut adalah betul dan adalah dalam tempoh masa yang diperuntukkan dalam Seksyen 6 (3) Akta Had Masa 1953 seperti berikut: “Section 6.Limitation of actions of. contract and tort and certain other actions. …….. 16