on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years.” [10] Penelitian kepada Sexual Offences Act 2003 United Kingdom dan Akta Kesalahan-kesalahan Seksual Terhadap Kanak-kanak 2017 didapati bahawa peruntukannya adalah “pari materia” melainkan di dalam seksyen 14 tiada perkataan “intentionally” iaitu dengan niat atau kasad. [11] Adalah menjadi prinsip undang-undang jenayah yang mantap bahawa dua perkara utama yang perlu ada bagi satu kesalahan jenayah ialah actus reus dan mens rea. Ini misalnya telah dinyatakan di dalam Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law Third Edition Dennis J. Baker Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters 2012 di halaman 95 seperti berikut: “The mere commission of a criminal act (or bringing about the state of affairs that the law provides against) is not enough to constitute a crime, at any rate in the case of the more serious crimes. These generally require, in addition, some element of wrongful intent or other fault. Increasing insistence upon this fault element was the mark of advancing civilization.” [12] Begitu juga dalam Criminal Law In Malaysia and Singapore Revised 2nd Edition, Lexis Nexis 2015 oleh Stanley Yeo, Neil Morgan, Chan Wing Cheong di halaman 85 yang menyatakan seperti berikut: “While Macaulay and his co-framers of the Penal Code were critical of many aspects of the English criminal law, they nevertheless framed their Code according to certain general principles of criminal responsibility found in English law. One of the most important of these principles is the maxim actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea which means ‘an act does not make a man guilty of a crime, unless his mind is also guilty. This principle was strictly applied in the construction of both English common law and statutorily created offences in the 18th century and the third quarter of the 19th century. The term mens rea or ‘guilty mind’ is often described as comprising the ‘mental element’ of a crime which in turn connotes a subjective state of mind such as intention or knowledge.” [13] Hakim Wright dalam kes Sherras v De Rutzen [1895] Q.B. seperti berikut: “There is a presumption that mens rea, an evil intention, or a knowledge of the wrongfulness of the act, is an essential ingredient in every offence; but that presumption is liable to be displaced either by the words of the statute creating the offence or by the subject-matter with which it deals, and both must be considered: Nichols v. Hall.” [14] Seterusnya Mahkamah Pertuanan (House of Lords) di United Kingdom juga telah menjelaskan berkenaan anggapan bahawa mens rea diperlukan sekiranya terdapat undang-undang yang tidak menyatakan dengan jelas keperluan mens rea. Ini dinyatakan oleh Lord Reid dalam kes Sweet v Parsley [1970] A.C. 132 seperti berikut: “our first duty is to consider the words of the Act: if they show a clear intention to create an absolute offence that is an end of the matter. But such cases are very rare. Sometimes the words of the section which creates a particular offence make it clear that mens rea is required in one form or another. Such cases are quite frequent. But in a very large number of cases there is no clear indication either way. In such cases there has for centuries been a presumption that Parliament did not intend to make criminals of persons who were in no way blameworthy in what they did. That means that whenever a section is silent as to mens rea there is a presumption that, in order to give effect to the will of Parliament, we must read in words appropriate to require mens rea.” (Ditekankan oleh mahkamah ini) [15] Oleh yang demikian di dalam kes ini adakah bagi kesalahan di bawah seksyen 14 Akta Kesalahan-kesalahan Seksual Terhadap Kanak-kanak 2017 memerlukan keterangan bahawa tindakan di bawah seksyen 14 (a), (b), (c) dan (d) Akta tersebut perlu menunjukkan bahawa terdapatnya mens rea atau adakah ketiadaan mens rea yang hanya dapat ditunjukkan adalah perbuatan di bawah seksyen 14 (a), (b), (c) dan (d) Akta tersebut sudah memadai bagi membuktikan kesalahan di bawah seksyen 14 Akta tersebut. Dalam hal ini terdapat perkembangan undang-undang jenayah di United Kingdom yang menarik berkenaan dengan keperluan mens rea di dalam satu kesalahan jenayah di mana Mahkamah Agong di United Kingdom telah membincangkan perkara ini dalam kes R v Lane and another [2019] 1 All ER 299 seperti berikut: “The presumption as to mens rea [8] The presumption on which the appellants rely is indeed well-established and has often been applied to the construction of statutes creating offences where the meaning is in doubt. The conventionally authoritative statement of the presumption is found in the speech of Lord Reid in Sweet v Parsley [1969] 1 All ER 347 at 349, 350, [1970] AC 132 at 148, 149: '… our first duty is to consider the words of the Act; if they show a clear intention to create an absolute offence, that is an end of the matter. But such cases are very rare. Sometimes the words of the section which creates a particular offence make it clear that mens rea is required in one form or another. Such cases are quite frequent. But in a very large number of cases there is no clear indication either way. In such cases there has for centuries been a presumption that Parliament did not intend to make criminals of persons who were in no way blameworthy in what they did. That means that, whenever a section is silent as to mens rea, there is a presumption that, in order to give effect to the will of Parliament, we must read in words appropriate to require mens rea. … it is firmly established by a host of authorities that mens rea is an essential ingredient of every offence unless some reason can be found for holding that that is not necessary. It is also firmly established that the fact that other sections of the Act expressly require mens rea, for example because they contain the word “knowingly”, is not in itself sufficient to justify a decision that a section which is silent as to mens rea creates an absolute offence. In the absence of a clear indication in the Act that an offence is intended to be an absolute offence, it is necessary to go outside the Act and examine all relevant circumstances in order to establish that this must have been the intention of Parliament. I say “must have been”, because it is a universal principle that if a penal provision is reasonably capable of two interpretations, that interpretation which is most favourable to the accused must be adopted.' This statement of the principle was described by Lord Nicholls in B (a minor) v DPP [2000] 1 All ER 833 at 836, [2000] 2 AC 428 at 460 as 'magisterial'. It has often been applied, and it is unnecessary to multiply examples. They include recent cases in this court, such as R v Brown [2013] UKSC 43, [2013] 4 All ER 860, [2013] NI 265, R v Hughes [2013] UKSC 56, [2013] 4 All ER 613, [2013] 1 WLR 2461, and R v Taylor [2016] UKSC 5, [2016] 4 All ER 617, [2016] 1 WLR 500. [9] Whilst the principle is not in doubt, and is of great importance in the approach to the construction of criminal statutes, it remains a principle of statutory construction. Its importance lies in ensuring that a need for mens rea is not inadvertently, silently, or ambiguously removed from the ingredients of a statutory offence. But it is not a power in the court to substitute for the plain words used by Parliament a different provision, on the grounds that it would, if itself drafting the definition of the offence, have done so differently by providing for an element, or a greater element, of mens rea. The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty demands no less. Lord Reid was at pains to observe that the presumption applies where the statute is silent as to mens rea, and that the first duty of the court is to consider the words of the statute. [10] Hughes and Taylor, mentioned above, concerned offences of causing death by driving. They were cases where the language of the statutes was ambiguous and the presumption assisted the court to reach the conclusion that they imported an element of fault (although not necessarily of subjective mens rea rather than of error of driving). The words used by Parliament were words of causation of death. This court construed those words as importing an element of fault, principally because there were ample unambiguous alternative expressions which could and would have been used if the intention had been to create an offence of homicide which could be committed simply by being present on the road to be run into by someone else. [11] By contrast, Brown was a case in which this court had no doubt that the statutory offence of unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl under 14 did not contain a requirement that the accused know that the girl was under age. This conclusion was mandated despite the fact that the offence-creating section was silent as to whether such knowledge was required or not. It was a conclusion compelled by the prior common law and statutory context, against which the offence had been created, by other provisions in the legislation, which had to be construed as a whole, and by the social mischief which the Act had been passed to meet. [12] Thus these three recent cases are good illustrations of the truism that the presumption on which the appellants here rely is a principle of statutory construction, which must give way to either the plain meaning of the words, or to other relevant pointers to meaning which clearly demonstrate what was intended. It follows that the Court of Appeal in the present case did not fall into the error suggested, of wrongly starting with the words of the Act. On the contrary, that is the inevitable first port of call for any issue of construction, as Lord Reid's statement of the principle in Sweet v Parsley expressly stated.” [16] Mahkamah ini juga berpeluang meneliti tafsiran seksyen 3 Sexual Offences Act 2003 di United Kingdom oleh Mahkamah Rayuan United Kingdom yang menyatakan bahawa mens rea tidak perlu dibuktikan bagi kesalahan di bawah seksyen 3 tersebut. Ini dinyatakan dalam kes Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2020) [2021] 3 All ER 890 di mana Hakim Fulford VP menyatakan seperti berikut: “[40] It follows that although the former s 14 SOA 1956 and its successor, s 3 SOA 2003, are differently expressed, in this respect they bore distinct similarities in terms of the approach to be applied. For s 14 SOA 1956, if the assault was 'indecent in itself' or 'inherently indecent' the Crown did not have to prove a specific indecent intent on the part of the defendant. As with s 78 SOA 2003, the motive or purpose of the accused only became relevant when his actions were not necessarily indecent. In that situation, the jury would need to consider, bearing in mind why the defendant behaved in that way (along with other factors), whether the irresistible inference was that he intended to assault his victim in a manner which the jury, as right-minded persons, would clearly think was indecent. That would enable them to decide whether the defendant not only intended to commit an assault upon the woman, but an assault which had the objective quality of being indecent. [41] We are unpersuaded, therefore, that s 3 SOA 2003 brought about a significant change in the law as regards the mens rea of the offence of indecent/sexual assault. [42] Mr Mably has helpfully highlighted that the approach to the presumption of mens rea in the interpretation of criminal statutes was recently considered by the Supreme Court in R v Lane [2018] UKSC 36, [2019] 1 All ER 299, [2018] 1 WLR 3647(see in particular [9] and [12]). There is a presumption that mens rea is an essential ingredient of every offence unless some reason can be found for holding that that is not necessary. This is of great importance in relation to the approach to the construction of criminal statutes, but it remains a principle of construction. Mens rea should not be inadvertently, silently or ambiguously removed from the ingredients of a statutory offence, but it is not a power in the court to substitute for the plain words of Parliament a different provision, on the grounds that it would, if itself drafting the offence, have done so. The first duty of the court is therefore to consider the words of the statute. Finally, the presumption is a principle of construction which must give way to either the plain meaning of the words of the statute, or to other relevant pointers to meaning which clearly demonstrate what Parliament intended. [43] We acknowledge that, as a matter of principle, given the actus reus of the offence involves sexual touching without consent, it might be presumed that the actus reus would be accompanied by a culpable state of mind, namely intention, particularly bearing in mind the seriousness of this offence. If the Attorney General is correct, the result is that an accused could be guilty without intending the touching to be sexual or that he or she had no sexual purpose. [44] As against these considerations, the statutory ingredients do not contain the requirement that the accused intended the touching to be sexual. Furthermore, s 3 is not silent as to mens rea. As Mr Mably has rightly submitted, the required state of mind in respect of each ingredient has been expressly set out by Parliament. In our judgment, the legislature did not intend a further, unexpressed state of mind to be established, particularly given the relevance of the accused's sexual purpose for the purposes of s 78(b) (viz his state of mind/purpose as to the nature of the touching) was expressly set out. Under that provision touching is sexual if a reasonable person would consider that because of its nature it may be sexual, and because of its circumstances it is sexual, irrespective of the purpose or intention of the accused. [45] We gain support for this conclusion from the way in which this issue is dealt with elsewhere in the statute. The scheme of the Act, put broadly, is that whenever an offence is committed directly against a victim by sexual touching or sexual activity, proof of a sexual intention as part of the mens rea is not required, whilst for 'voyeuristic' offences, the Crown must establish that the accused acted 'for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification' (eg ss 12, 15A and 19). [46] We agree with the submissions of Mr Atkinson and Mr Mably as regards R v Heard and R v H, namely that it is striking in the detailed assessment of the ingredients of the offence in both judgments that there is an absence of any mention of a requirement with a s 3 offence that the prosecution need to prove that the defendant intended the touching to be sexual.” [17] Adalah menjadi prinsip umum undang-undang jenayah bahawa mens rea atau niat adalah menjadi elemen utama dalam satu kesalahan jenayah. Pada kebiasaannya mens rea tidak dikehendaki dalam kes-kes yang melibatkan kesalahan tanggungan ketat (strict liability) yang akan dinyatakan di dalam undang-undang yang berkaitan. Namun demikian perkembangan undang-undang telah memberikan gambaran kepada mahkamah bahawa sekiranya semasa mentafsirkan undang-undang tersebut didapati bahawa peruntukan yang jelas yang mengkehendaki tiadanya mens rea mahkamah boleh menyatakan bahawa mens rea bukannya elemen penting bagi satu kesalahan jenayah seperti yang dinyatakan dalam kes Attorney General’s Reference (supra) dan R v Lane and another (supra). Namun demikian mahkamah harus berhati-hati dalam menerima pakai undang-undang dalam kes Attorney General’s Reference (supra) dan R v Lane and another (supra). Ini adalah disebabkan ianya diputuskan dalam konteks kerangka undang-undang Sexual Offences 2003 United Kingdom terutamanya kes Attorney General’s Reference (supra). Apakah ia sesuai digunakan dalam konteks seksyen 14 Akta kesalahan-kesalahan Seksual Terhadap Kanak-kanak 2017. [18] Oleh itu dalam kes ini mahkamah perlu melihat kepada peruntukan tersurat seksyen 14 tersebut yang dengan jelas tidak menyatakan diperlukan niat bagi kesalahan amang seksual seperti yang dinyatakan di dalam Sexsual Offences 2003 United Kingdom. Hatta di dalam peruntukan undang-undang yang secara tersurat menyatakan niat diperlukan mahkamah di United Kingdom masih berpandangan bahawa mens rea bukannya elemen kesalahan. Oleh itu berdasarkan kepada peruntukan tersurat seksyen 14 (a) itu tiada petanda yang menunjukkan bahawa mens rea adalah salah satu elemen di bawah kesalahan tersebut. Namun demikian mahkamah juga perlu mempertimbangkan hasrat penggubalan Akta Kesalahan-kesalahan Seksual Terhadap kanak-kanak 2017 seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Penyata Rasmi Parlimen bertarikh 03.04.2017 di muka surat 21 yang menyatakan seperti berikut: “ Tuan Yang di-Pertua, secara amnya Rang Undang-undang Jenayah Seksual Kanak-kanak ini bertujuan untuk mengadakan peruntukan mengenai kesalahankesalahan seksual terhadap kanak-kanak yang tertentu dan hukumannya sebagai tambahan kepada kesalahan-kesalahan seksual terhadap kanak-kanak yang lain dan berhubung dengannya untuk mengadakan peruntukan mengenai pentadbiran keadilan bagi kanak-kanak dan perkara yang berkaitan. Skop akta baharu tersebut adalah secara amnya mengandungi peruntukan yang lebih spesifik dan memperincikan lagi kesalahan yang terdapat dalam undang-undang sedia ada berhubung dengan kesalahan seksual yang dilakukan terhadap kanak-kanak. Peruntukan kesalahan tersebut mengandungi elemen yang lebih terperinci berbanding undang-undang sedia ada yang bersifat am. Akta ini juga memperuntukkan mengenai hukuman yang bersesuaian dengan undang-undang yang diperincikan tersebut. Selain memperuntukkan mengenai kesalahan, aspek lain yang akan diambil kira dalam penggubalan akta tersebut termasuklah aspek penyiasatan, kebolehterimaan keterangan di mahkamah dan peruntukkan lain yang bertujuan untuk menambah baik sistem pentadbiran keadilan jenayah bagi kanak-kanak. Ini semua bagi memastikan agar akta yang digubal ini dapat memenuhi objektif dan mencapai hasrat kerajaan untuk menangani jenayah seksual kanak-kanak.” [19] Penelitian kepada Penyata Rasmi Parlimen tersebut dapat menyerlahkan hasrat penggubaan akta iaitu untuk memperkasakan perlindungan kanak-kanak daripada diperlakukan secara jenayah seksual. Ia adalah memperkukuhkan peruntukan berkenaan dengan undang-undang berkaitan seksual yang terdapat di dalam Kanun Keseksaan iaitu seksyen 375(g), 377A, 377CA, 376A, 377D dan 377E. Oleh yang demikian peruntukan-peruntukan kesalahan yang termasuk di bawah seksyen 14 digubal sedemikian rupa bagi membolehkan hak kanak-kanak terlindung daripada terjebak ke dalam kegiatan amang seksual oleh individu yang tidak bertanggungjawab. [20] Setelah memahami hasrat penggubalan tersebut maka pada hemat mahkamah seksyen 14 digubal sedemikain rupa dengan tidak meletakkan keperluan untuk mens rea dijadikan sebagai elemen kesalahan adalah sesuatu yang sejajar dengan matlamat penggubalan Akta tersebut. Namun demikian ia tidak akan menyebabkan Akta tersebut bercanggah atau tersasar dengan prinsip undang-undang jenayah yang termaklum. Ini adalah disebabkan terdapat huraian kedua di bawah seksyen 14 tersebut yang memerlukan mahkamah meneliti keterangan-keterangan mempertimbangkan keadaan yang boleh menjadikan tindakan di bawah seksyen 14 (a), (b), (c) dan (d) tersebut tergolong di dalam perbuatan yang bermaksud seksual. Ini adalah sebagai suatu jaminan kepada hak Tertuduh bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan yang mungkin timbul apabila telah dibuktikan terdapatnya perbuatan di bawah seksyen 14 (a), (b), (c) dan (d) mahkamah masih perlu melihat sama ada perbuatan-perbuatan tersebut mempunyai maksud seksual. Ia juga dapat mencadangkan bahawa seksyen 14 (a) ini bukannya suatu kesalahan liabiliti ketat ‘strict liability’. Elemen Pertuduhan Di Bawah Seksyen 14 Akta Kesalahan-kesalahan Jenayah Seksual Terhadap Kanak-kanak 2017 [21] Berdasarkan kepada penelitian peruntukan di bawah seksyen 14 (a) pada hemat mahkamah elemen kesalahan bagi seksyen 14