The conduct of any party, or of any agent to any party, to any suit or proceeding in reference to that suit or proceeding, or in reference to any fact in issue therein or relevant thereto, and the conduct of any person an offence against whom is the subject of any proceeding, is relevant if the conduct influences or is influenced by any fact in issue or relevant fact, and whether it was previous or subsequent thereto. Explanation 1—The word “conduct” in this section does not include statements unless those statements accompany and explain acts other than statements; but this explanation is not to affect the relevancy of statements under any other section of this Act. Explanation 2—When the conduct of any person is relevant any statement made to him or in his presence and hearing which affects his conduct is relevant.” S/N s5PWKu4qPUuzq/mYsA3xg [39] Pihak Pendakwaan juga merujuk kepada kes Parlan Bin Dadeh v. PP [2009] 1 CLJ 717 yang memutuskan seperti berikut: “[36] The law relating to eveidence of conduct is thus patent. If there is no evidence to show that the conduct is influenced by any fact in issue or relevant fact as required by Section 8 then it is not admissible as it would then be an equivocal act justifying inferences favourable to the accused being drawn. If it satisfies the requirement of S.8 it is admissible. It must be observed that the degree of proof required to establish evidence of conduct would depend on the nature of conduct. … Once admitted the court cannot resort to any other explanation for the conduct or draw inferences on its own accord to render it inadmissible. The onus is on the accused to explain his conduct pursuant to S.9. Such explanation must not be in their barest possible form, but with a reasonable fullness of detail and ciscumstance (see R v Stephenson [1904] 68 JP 524). [38] In this case the reaction of the appellant in looking stunned or shocked upon being approached by the police is clearly admissible under s.8 since it has a direct bearing on the fact in issue as the drugs found were tucked away in the front of the jeans worn by him. The explanation for his reaction must therefore be offered by he himself as required by s.9. The court, cannot, on its own, offer an explanation for his reaction. However, in his defence the appellant did not offer any explanation at all for his reaction upon being approached by the police. It can therefore be S/N s5PWKu4qPUuzq/mYsA3xg validly used as evidence against him. The inference to be drawn from the evidence of conduct of the appellant against the background of the other evidence is that he knew what he was carrying …” [40] Fakta dalam kes ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa Tertuduh mempunyai “custody”, “control” dan juga “knowledge” ke atas Eksibit P8 dan P9. TERTUDUH MEMPUNYAI KAWALAN DAN JAGAAN TERHADAP DADAH YANG DIRAMPAS [41] Elemen “Custody” ditakrifkan oleh Taylor J dalam kes Leow Nghee Lim v. Reg [1955] 1 LNS 53; [1956] 22 MLJ 28 seperti berikut: “Custody means having care or guardianship; goods in custody are in the care of the custodian and, by necessary implication, he is taking care of goods unless you know where they are and have the means of exercising control over them. Custody therefore implies knowledge of the existence and whereabouts of the goods and power of control over them, not amounting to possession". [42] Taylor J dalam kes yang sama Leow Nghee Lim (supra) mentakrifkan elemen “control” pula seperti berikut: “Control must be proved as a fact and it must arise from the relation of the person to the goods, irrespective of whether they are contraband. An example may make this clearer. Suppose S/N s5PWKu4qPUuzq/mYsA3xg that one of the assistants in this case smoked a particular brand of tobacco, not sold in the shop and to the knowledge of the accused, kept in the drawer. No doubt the accused could, at any time, tell the assistant to keep his tobacco somewhere else. He could resume possession of drawer. But so long as he allowed the assisstants to keep their small personal things in the drawer, the things were in their control, not his. He could not reasonably order them to throw away harmless tobacco, consistently with the existing arrangement. The argument for control is based solely on the contraband nature of the thing - not on the circumstances in which it was kept." [43] Mahkamah mendapati fakta di dalam kes ini yang membuktikan elemen “custody” dan “control” adalah seperti berikut: i. Keterangan SP2 iaitu sebagai Pengadu dan keterangan sokongan oleh SP7 sebagai anggota serbuan bersama-sama dengan lima belas (15) anggota pasukan serbuan yang lain telah bertindak atas maklumat dadah di dalam kes ini. SP2 telah menyerbu masuk ke dalam rumah apabila didapati pintu tidak berkunci dan menjumpai Tertuduh bersama seorang lagi sedang duduk di ruang tamu. SP2 juga telah memperkenalkan diri sebagai Pegawai Kanan Polis. ii. Keadaan pencahayaan di tempat kejadian adalah cerah diterangi lampu bilik, di mana SP2 dan pasukan dipandu arah oleh Tertuduh sendiri ke bilik pertama sebelah kiri rumah tersebut. S/N s5PWKu4qPUuzq/mYsA3xg iii. SP2 dipandu arah oleh Tertuduh kepada Eksibit P3 yang mana apabila disemak, mengandungi Eksibit P8 dan Eksibit P9 di dalamnya. [44] Berdasarkan fakta kes di atas, Eksibit P8 dan P9 tersebut adalah milik Tertuduh berdasarkan kelakuan Tertuduh yang telah pandu arah SP2 ke dalam bilik pertama sebelah kiri rumah tersebut dan menunjukkan Eksibit P3 kepada SP2. Tindakan atau kelakuan Tertuduh tersebut menunjukkan wujud pengetahuan oleh Tertuduh terhadap kewujudan barang kes dadah tersebut. TERTUDUH MEMPUNYAI PENGETAHUAN TERHADAP DADAH YANG DIRAMPAS [45] Bagi elemen ketiga, pihak Pendakwaan merujuk kepada kata-kata Brown AG CJ dalam kes Ho Seng Seng v. Rex [1951] 1 LNS 25; [1951] MLJ 225 berkenaan dengan “knowledge” seperti berikut: “I think that the element of knowledge is implicit in the word 'custody' and in the word 'control'. 'Custody' means watching over or keeping safe. You cannot watch over a thing or keep it safe unless you know it is there. Similarly you cannot have 'control' of a thing unless you know it is there …". [46] Bagi pembuktian “pengetahuan” pula, pihak Pendakwaan mengguna pakai anggapan di bawah perenggan 37(d) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 yang memperuntukkan seperti berikut: S/N s5PWKu4qPUuzq/mYsA3xg