Sama ada dadah-dadah tersebut tersenarai sebagai sejenis dadah berbahaya di dalam Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952. DAPATAN MAHKAMAH UNTUK KES PENDAKWAAN Sama ada Tertuduh mempunyai milikan, kawalan dan pengetahuan [13] Mahkamah Rayuan telah memberi panduan tentang menentukan “milikan” iaitu dengan melibatkan kewujudan elemen fizikal dan mental, S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg iaitu bukan hanya memiliki, tetapi mengetahui tentang pemilikan itu, di mana Tertuduh mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengendalikan dadah itu sewajarnya. Ini dapat dilihat melalui tindakan Tertuduh kerana, niat seseorang tidak dapat dilihat secara kasar tetapi dapat dilihat melalui keadaan persekitarannya. Ini dijelaskan dalam kes Chan Pean Leon v PP [1956] 1 MLJ 237 seperti berikut – “...there is a physical element and a mental element which must both be present before possession is made out. The accused must not only be so situated that he can deal with the thing as if it belonged to him, for example to have it in his pocket or have it lying in front of him on a table. It must also be shown that he had the intention of dealing with it as if it belonged to him should he see any occasion to do so, in other words, that he had some animus possidendi. Intention is a matter of fact which in the nature of things cannot be proved by direct evidence. It can only be proved by inference from the surrounding circumstances. Whether these surrounding circumstances make out such intention is a question of fact in each individual case. …. There may be something in the accused’s behaviour that shows knowledge, or the nature of the thing may be so obvious that S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg it is possible to say “he must have known what it was”, or, again in cases under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, there may be a statutory presumption which fills in the gap in the evidence.” [14] Definisi “milikan” pula telah dibincangkan Taylor J dalam kes Leow Nghee Lim v Reg [1955] CLJU 53, sebagai suatu hubungan antara Tertuduh dengan dadah di mana melalui karakter yang ditonjolkan, tidak ada orang lain yang boleh dikaitkan dengan dadah tersebut selain Tertuduh. Tertuduh tidak perlu dibuktikan mengetahui secara tepat tentang dadah tersebut, sebaliknya, adalah mencukupi jika dia mengetahui kewujudan dadah secara am saja, Tertuduh boleh dikatakan memiliki. Ini, telah dinyatakan dalam kes tersebut seperti berikut – “...Probably the most helpful definition of possession is: - “the relation of a person to a thing over which he may at his pleasure exercise such control as the character of the thing admits, to the exclusion of other persons” …The word ‘possession’ is a vague and general word which cannot be closely defined. Without at least general knowledge there cannot be possession but there can be possession without full and exact knowledge…”. [15] Manakala kes Mahkamah Persekutuan PP v Denish a/l Madhavan [2009] 2 MLJ 194, menyatakan terma “milikan” tidak termasuk “exclusive S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg possession” iaitu Tertuduh tidak semestinya dibuktikan memiliki dadah secara ekslusif sebelum boleh disabitkan kerana, apa yang perlu dibuktikan adalah pemilikan tersebut, bukannya pemilikan eksklusif, sebagaimana yang dijelaskan di sini – “[16] Before proceeding to consider the reasons for the Court of Appeal's decision, we will say a few words about 'exclusive' possession. It is inappropriate to speak of possession of an article in criminal law as exclusive possession. One is either in possession or not in possession, although one could be in possession jointly with another or others. To say that the prosecution of a drug case fails because there has been no proof of exclusive possession is apt to convey the wrong impression that it is only in cases where possession is entirely with one person, — that is, 'exclusive' — that a conviction is possible. When the learned trial judge said 'The accused sought to negative the proof of exclusive possession…', we take it that he meant no more than that the respondent sought to show that he was not in possession of the drugs because he had no knowledge of their existence and that the drugs could have been placed in his bags by some other person or persons. [17] The idea of exclusivity features in the meaning of 'possession' in criminal law as one of the elements necessary to constitute S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg possession. As Taylor J said in Leow Nghee Lim v Reg [1956] MLJ 28: … It is often said that 'possession must be exclusive'. This is ambiguous. Possession need not be exclusive to the accused. Two or more persons may be in joint possession of chattels, whether innocent or contraband. The exclusive element of possession means that the possessor or possessors have the power to exclude other persons from enjoyment of the property. Custody likewise may be sole or joint and it has the same element of excluding others. The main distinction between custody and possession is that a custodian has not the power of disposal. The statement that 'possession must be exclusive' is often due to confusion of the fact to be proved with the evidence by which it is to be proved. It is essential to keep this distinction clearly in mind, especially when applying presumptions. [18] Thomson J in Chan Pean Leon v Public Prosecutor [1956] MLJ 237, said that 'possession' for the purposes of criminal law involves possession itself — which some authorities term 'custody' or 'control' — and knowledge of the nature of the thing possessed. As to possession itself he cited the following definition in Stephen's Digest (9th Ed), at p 304), in which the exclusive element mentioned by Taylor J appears: A moveable thing is said to be in the possession S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg of a person when he is so situated with respect to it that he has the power to deal with it as owner to the exclusion of all other persons, and when the circumstances are such that he may be presumed to intend to do so in case of need. [19] Once the elements needed to constitute possession are established, including the element of exclusive power to deal, then what is established is possession, not exclusive possession. So much for exclusive possession …”. [16] Seterusnya, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam PP v Abdul Rahman Akif [2007] 4 CLJ 337 telah merujuk Tan Ah Tee & Anor v PP [1980] 1 MLJ 49 tentang isu “milikan”, telah memutuskan, ia adalah mencukupi bahawa pendakwaan telah membuktikan milikan atau kawalan secara fizikal - “Even if there were no statutory presumptions available to the prosecution, once the prosecution had proved the fact of physical control or possession of the plastic bag and the circumstances in which this was acquired by and remained with the second appellant, the trial judges would be justified in finding she had possession of the contents of the plastic bag within the meaning of the Act unless she gave an explanation of the physical fact which the trial judges S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg accepted or which raised a doubted in the minds that she had possession of the contents within the meaning of the Act.” [17] Elemen milikan fizikal telah dibuktikan jika dadah ditemui pada jarak yang dekat dengan Tertuduh, sebagaimana dalam kes Mahkamah Rayuan Lim Kee Fu v Public Prosecutor and another appeal [2020] 12 MLJ 260 - “[4] …. The proximity of the respondent to the drugs at the front passenger seat is a fact relevant to establish actual physical possession. [5] In Public Prosecutor v Foo Jua Eng [1965] 1 LNS 137, the accused was charged with assisting in carrying on a public lottery. The evidence showed that the accused had been found by the police in a room, seated about three feet away from a dressing table on which the relevant exhibits were found. The Magistrate acquitted the accused. The prosecution appealed. In allowing the appeal, Raja Azlan Shah J (as His Royal Highness then was) said this: “With regard to the mental element, the learned Magistrate rightly directed his mind that knowledge or consciousness would depend on the surrounding circumstances. S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg However, he failed to direct his mind adequately on the facts. He directed his mind to the circumstances when the respondent tried to close the door on the PW1. But he failed to consider the other circumstance which, taken together, may well be that the element of possession was proved. The circumstance is the physical proximity of the respondent to the exhibit in question. [6] So too here, the learned judge having accepted the prosecution’ evidence as to the finding of the drugs, the identification of the police officer and the scuffle, failed to direct himself as to the proximity of the drugs to the respondent. Indeed, nowhere in his judgment, did the trial judge address his mind to this fact. There is the added circumstance that the respondent was driving the car from one point to another with the proscribed drugs in it.”(emphasis added) [32] Clearly, premised on the established facts in the present case as alluded to earlier, the learned trial judge was correct in his finding that actual possession of the drugs by the appellants had been established by the prosecution. [18] Dalam kes Mahkamah Tinggi Pendakwa Raya v Mohd Fadzil bin Ibrahim & Anor [2009] LNS 1 1468, telah diputuskan bahawa Tertuduh mempunyai kawalan dan jagaan terhadap dadah yang dirampas apabila S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg sampul surat yang berisi 5 paket dadah syabu masih berada di dalam genggaman tangan tertuduh semasa ditangkap – “Pembuktian pemilikan Pertama, mahkamah berpuashati bahawa pihak pendakwaan telah berjaya menunjukkan secara prima facie bahawa semasa ditangkap tertuduh 1 memang ada pemilikan ke atas dadah tersebut. Di dalam kes Leow Nghee Lim v. R, supra, di mukasurat 30 dan 31 ada diterangkan maksud ‘possession’. Manakala di dalam kes Chan Pean Leon v. PP, supra di mukasurat 239 ada dijelaskan lagi maksud ‘possession’. Berdasarkan keputusan dalam kedua-dua kes itu, perkataan ‘possession’ membawa makna bahawa orang yang berkenaan ada pengetahuan mengenai barang tersebut, ada jagaan dan kawalan ke atas barang tersebut dan ada kuasa untuk mengurus dan mengendali barang tersebut serta boleh mencegah dan menghalang orang-orang lain daripada mengurus dan mengendali barang tersebut. (Sila lihat juga kes PP v. Abdul Manaf Bin Muhamad Hassan [2006] 3 MLJ 193 dan kes PP v. Abdul Rahim Bin Akif, Rayuan Jenayah No. 05-64-2002 (J). Di dalam kes ini, keterangan SP3 dan SP5 menunjukkan dengan jelasnya bahawa tertuduh 1 mempunyai pemilikan ke atas dadah tersebut kerana beliau ada jagaan dan kawalan serta pengetahuan S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg bahawa barang kes yang ditemui di dalam 3 sampul surat tersebut adalah dadah berbahaya seperti dalam pertuduhan, P2. Pengetahuan boleh dibuktikan melalui keadaan ketika itu. Mengikut keterangan SP3 dan SP5, tertuduh 1 dan tertuduh 2 telah kelihatan takut dan meronta-ronta semasa hendak dilakukan tangkapan. Keterangan juga menunjukkan bahawa tertuduh 1 adalah merupakan seorang anggota polis pada masa tangkapan. Tertuduh 2 memang tahu tentang kewujudan dadah tersebut yang dibawa oleh tertuduh 1 kerana di tempat kejadian pertama beliau telah berbincang dengan SP3 untuk mendapatkan dan menjual dadah berbahaya kepada SP3”. [19] Begitu juga dalam kes Yong Yee Sze v Pendakwa Raya [2011] MLJU 747, [2011] LNS 1618, di mana Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan – “… Jadi keadaan Perayu memegang beg tangan (P2) mengandungi dadah-dadah berbahaya itu jelas menunjukkan beliau mempunyai kawalan dan jagaan fizikal ke atas (P2) yang mengandungi tiga jenis dadah berbahaya di atas. Mengikut prinsip undang-undang dalam keputusan kes Ho Seng Seng v Rex (1951) MLJ 225: "the element of knowledge is implicit in the word 'custody' and in the word 'control'". S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg [20] Dalam keterangan SP2 dan SP4 yang menjadi saksi mata dan saksi pertama yang menemukan Tertuduh dalam kereta Proton Iswara warna kelabu no. plet BHJ 849, barang kes dadah iaitu ganja dan aramin-5 ditemui dalam kereta tersebut semasa Tertuduh sedang menggunakan kereta tersebut. Ini disokong dengan Laporan Polis di P11 dan P12. [21] SP2 dan SP4 adalah anggota polis unit URB yang sedang bertugas membuat rondaan cegah jenayah. SP2 dan SP4 tidak mengenali Tertuduh. Oleh itu keterangan SP2 dan SP4 adalah dipercayai dan diterima. Ini disokong pula dengan keterangan tentang reaksi spontan yang ditunjukkan oleh Tertuduh ketika didekati SP2 dan SP4 iaitu terkejut, takut dan menggigil. Ini menunjukkan Tertuduh ada menyimpan sesuatu yang terlarang dalam kereta tersebut. [22] Kemudian, keterangan seterusnya adalah penemuan barang kes di tempat letak kaki penumpang hadapan kereta dan tiada orang lain yang berada dalam kereta itu pada masa itu. Kedudukan kereta tersebut diparkir adalah selari dengan Gambar Tempat Kejadian dan Gambar Kereta. Barang kes yang ditemui telah disenaraikan dalam Borang Bongkar yang dilampirkan bersama Borang Serah Menyerah Barang Kes yang mengandungi senarai barang yang dirampas iaitu kereta tersebut, bungkusan berisi ketulan mampat dedaun kering ganja dan foil S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg merah/kelabu aramin-5 serta sebatang anak kunci kereta. Kunci kereta dan kereta fizikal juga telah dicamkan sebagai P22 dan P22A. [23] Keseluruhan keterangan yang konsisten, iaitu keadaan kereta yang mencurigakan, reaksi spontan Tertuduh, kedudukan di mana dadah ditemui, jarak kedudukan Tertuduh dengan dadah tersebut ditemui, iaitu sangat dekat, hanya di bahagian kaki tempat duduk di sebelah Tertuduh yang duduk di bahagian pemandu; menunjukkan bahawa Tertuduh mengetahui tentang kewujudan dadah dalam kereta itu dan menimbulkan inferens bahawa Tertuduh mempunyai kawalan ke atasnya. [24] Fakta kedudukan dadah ditemui, iaitu berdekatan dengan Tertuduh, telah menimbulkan inferens bahawa Tertuduh memiliki dan mempunyai pengetahuan tentang kewujudan dadah tersebut, sebagaimana dalam kes Mahkamah Rayuan Tan Lay Hwa v. PP [2016] 1 LNS 507 – “… The facts showed that the appellant was so closely situated to the said drugs that it raised the sole inference that he had possession and the requisite knowledge of the said drugs in the sling bag slung over his shoulders within the four walls of the principles enunciated by the authority referred to above.” [25] Dalam kes Lim Kee Fu v Public Prosecutor and another appeal [2020] (supra) telah diputuskan bahawa kedudukan dadah ditemui iaitu di S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg tempat duduk penumpang hadapan telah membuktikan pemilikan sebenar – “[4] …. The proximity of the respondent to the drugs at the front passenger seat is a fact relevant to establish actual physical possession. [26] Reaksi Tertuduh yang terkejut dan takut apabila ditanya oleh SP2 dan SP4 adalah relevan untuk menunjukkan pengetahuannya tentang kewujudan dadah. Dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan PP v. Abdul Rahman Akif [2007] 4 CLJ 337, telah diterangkan “pengetahuan” atau “knowledge” iaitu kawalan fizikal dadah tersebut oleh Tertuduh sewaktu penangkapan dan tiada penjelasan munasabah oleh Tertuduh menyebabkan inferens kuat bahawa Tertuduh tahu kewujudan dadah tersebut dalam milikannya – “[18] In Ramis a/l Muniandy v. Public Prosecutor [2001] 3 SLR 534, the Singapore Court Appeal again propounded on the question of knowledge necessary to establish possession and at p 541 states: Knowledge of drugs The starting point in the consideration of this issue was that we had already concluded that the drugs was already on Ramis's motorcycles when he entered the vicinity and that he had physical S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg control of the drugs. In the absence of any reasonable explanation by Ramis, these facts were sufficient to lead to a strong inference that Ramis knew that the bag found on his motorcycle contained drugs…” [27] Reaksi Tertuduh ini adalah relevan sebagaimana S. 8 Akta Keterangan yang menyatakan – “Motif, persediaan dan kelakuan yang dahulu atau yang kemudian 8 (2). Kelakuan mana-mana pihak atau kelakuan mana-mana ejen kepada manamana pihak dalam apa-apa guaman atau prosiding berkenaan dengan guaman atau prosiding itu, atau berkenaan dengan mana-mana fakta persoalan dalamnya tau yang berkaitan dengannya, dan kelakuan mana-mana orang yang kesalahan terhadapnya menjadi perkara apa-apa prosiding, adalah berkaitan jika kelakuan itu mempengaruhi atau dipengaruhi oleh mana-mana fakta persoalan tau fakta berkaitan, dan sama ada kelakuan itu berlaku dahulu atau kemudian daripadanya." MISALAN (i) A dituduh melakukan suatu jenayah. Fakta bahawa sejurus berlakunya jenayah yang dikatakan itu dia telah melarikan diri, atau memiliki harta atau hasil harta yang telah diperoleh melalui jenayah itu, atau cuba menyembunyikan benda yang telah atau S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg mungkin telah digunakan dalam melakukan jenayah itu adalah berkaitan. [28] Berdasarkan dapatan di atas, pihak Pendakwaan telah membuktikan Tertuduh mempunyai milikan fizikal terhadap dadah yang ditemui dalam kereta tersebut. Selain daripada keterangan langsung SP2 dan SP4 ini, Mahkamah juga menggunapakai anggapan dalam S.37(d) ADB 1952 yang memperuntukkan bahawa mana-mana orang yang ada dalam jagaannya atau dibawah pengawalannya apa-apa sahaja yang mengandungi sebarang dadah berbahaya, adalah dianggap mempunyai milikan dadah tersebut dan dianggap telah mengetahui tentang sifat-sifat dadah tersebut. Sama ada barang kes dadah P3 dan P4 yang ditemui dalam kereta tersebut adalah dadah berbahaya sebagaimana Akta [29] SP1 telah mengesahkan bahawa kandungan dalam gambar P1 (A dan B) sebagaimana barang kes fizikal P2 (A, B, C) dan P3 dan P4 yang dirampas daripada Tertuduh adalah ganja dengan berat bersih 121.12 gram dan aramin-5 yang mengandungi 0.05 gram nimetazepam. Ganja atau cannabis dan nimetazepam adalah dadah sepertimana yang telah ditakrifkan dalam Seksyen 2 Akta dadah berbahaya 1952. SP1 telah menyediakan dan mengemukakan Laporan kimia (P6) beserta resit (P5). S/N szsuuIwfzkCCma/KgGUKzg Berat bersih dadah jatuh di bawah Seksyen 39A (2) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 di mana Seksyen 39A (2) memperuntukkan –