Berhubung dengan isu terakhir dibangkitkan oleh Peguam Perayu iaitu mengenai kegagalan YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi dalam mengaplikasikan kes Mat v Public Prosecutor (supra), pihak pendakwaan menghujahkan bahawa isu ini tidak berasas dan YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi dengan jelas telah menimbangkan keseluruhan keterangan termasuk keterangan pihak pendakwaan dan kes Mat v Public Prosecutor (supra) yang juga jelas dirujuk di perenggan 70 alasan penghakiman beliau. [52] Oleh yang demikian, pihak Pendakwaan telah menghujahkan bahawa berdasarkan keseluruhan keterangan yang dikemukakan, termasuk tindak tanduk Perayu sendiri, ianya jelas menunjukkan bahawa Perayu ada pengetahuan tentang barang kes tersebut dan anggapan pengedaran dapat digunakan. Cubaan Perayu mengaitkan dadah yang dirampas tersebut dengan penama Amri yang turut ditahan di dalam rumah adalah usaha tanpa bukti sokongan yang lain. Penama Amri ini tidak dapat dikaitkan dengan dadah di mana tiada bukti dia ada apa-apa kaitan dengan dadah tersebut. [53] Timbalan Pendakwa Raya yang terpelajar memohon agar keputusan YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi dikekalkan dan rayuan ini ditolak. G. ANALISA DAN DAPATAN MAHKAMAH [54] Setelah meneliti keseluruhan keterangan serta hujah-hujah yang dikemukakan oleh pihak-pihak, serta memperhalusi alasan penghakiman yang telah disediakan oleh YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi, Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa teras kepada rayuan ini adalah mengenai sama ada pihak pendakwaan telah berjaya membuktikan kes prima facie terhadap Perayu dan sama ada YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah terkhilaf apabila tidak mempertimbangkan versi pembelaan Perayu. [55] Pertama sekali, berhubung isu kegagalan pihak Polis untuk mengemukakan penama Amri dan Sayed sebagai saksi pendakwaan, Mahkamah ini berpuas hati bahawa ketiadaan kedua-dua saksi berkenaan sama sekali tidak menyebabkan kelompangan dalam kes pendakwaan. YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi telah pun menilai keseluruhan keterangan dan berpuas hati bahawa dadah-dadah yang dirampas adalah milik Perayu. Versi yang cuba dibangkitkan oleh pihak pembelaan bahawa Amri ialah pengedar sebenar dan Sayed ialah pemilik kepada dadah-dadah tersebut tidak dapat menggugat kes prima facie pihak pendakwaan memandangkan Perayu sendiri telah ditahan bersama-sama dengan dadah yang dirampas (dalam pertuduhan pertama), dan Perayu jugalah yang telah memandu arah pihak Polis ke kereta Kelisa di mana dadah-dadah (dalam pertuduhan kedua) ditemui. [56] Selain itu, versi Perayu yang mendakwa bahawa dia telah diminta oleh Amri untuk mendapatkan kotak dari kereta Suzuki Swift milik Amri tidak dapat diterima oleh Mahkamah ini. Mahkamah mendapati dakwaan mengenai kotak berkenaan diambil dari kereta Suzuki Swift milik Amri tidak pernah dimaklumkan oleh Perayu kepada pihak Polis semasa Perayu ditahan, mahupun sepanjang siasatan kes berjalan. Sedangkan, keterangan ini pada hemat Mahkamah adalah begitu penting dan sangatlah mustahil untuk maklumat sepenting ini tidak disampaikan oleh Perayu kepada pihak Polis, sekiranya ia benar. Sekiranya keterangan penting mengenai kereta Suzuki Swift ini dibawa ke pengetahuan pihak Polis lebih awal iaitu semasa Perayu ditahan pihak Polis, pastinya pihak Polis telah membuat siasatan lanjut dan meneliti kembali rakaman CCTV bagi menentusahkan kesahihan versi Perayu. Maka, Mahkamah ini bersetuju dengan dapatan YA Hakim mahkamah Tinggi bahawa versi Perayu ini hanyalah berbentuk aftertought. [57] Mahkamah ini juga sebulat suara bersetuju dengan dapatan YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi bahawa kewujudan keterangan yang menyatakan bahawa kereta Kelisa tersebut didaftarkan atas nama seorang lelaki bernama Sayed Muhammad Marwan bin Sayed Manser (yang didakwa sebagai pemilik sebenar dadah tersebut) sama sekali tidak dapat mematahkan kes pendakwaan bahawa dadah tersebut sememangnya milik Perayu. Hal ini kerana, kunci remote kereta Kelisa tersebut diambil oleh pihak Polis di apartment tempat Perayu tinggal (di atas meja), yang telah ditunjuk arah sendiri oleh Perayu. Malah, berdasarkan maklumat yang diperolehi daripada perjanjian penyewaan, Perayu merupakan penyewa sah apartment berkenaan bagi tempoh 21.12.2018 sehingga 21.12.2019. Tambahan lagi, paspot Perayu sendiri berada di dalam kereta Kelisa tersebut. Bagaimana dokumen penting milik Perayu boleh berada di dalam kereta Kelisa yang dikatakan milik “Sayed” itu? Perkara ini pastinya menimbulkan persoalan yang mana dalam kes ini, Perayu sendiri telah gagal untuk menjelaskannya. [58] Apabila Perayu cuba membangkitkan versinya bahawa paspot yang dijumpai di dalam kereta Kelisa tersebut sebenarnya berada dalam beg di rumah (apartment) Perayu dan Amri dapat mengesahkan perkara tersebut, Mahkamah ini berpandangan bahawa keterangan Perayu tersebut adalah meragukan. Mengapa pula Amri seorang sahaja yang boleh mengesahkan perkara tersebut? Apatah lagi, tiada keterangan sokongan lain dikemukakan bagi menyokong versi Perayu yang menyatakan passport tersebut sebenarnya bukanlah dijumpai di dalam kereta Kelisa di mana dadah-dadah tersebut dijumpai, sebaliknya berada di rumah. Justeru, Mahkamah ini tidak dapat mengelak daripada menolak versi Perayu yang tidak dibuktikan tersebut. [59] Berhubung isu bahawa dadah-dadah yang dirampas tidak dihantar ke unit forensik untuk pengesanan DNA dan cap jari, Mahkamah ini berpandangan bahawa kewujudan cap jari mahupun DNA Perayu pada dadah hanyalah bersifat keterangan sokongan sahaja. Ketiadaannya atau kegagalan pihak pendakwaan untuk mengemukakannya sebagai keterangan tidak menyebabkan wujudnya kelompangan yang mampu meruntuhkan kes pendakwaan. Dalam hal ini, Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada penghakiman Mahkamah Rayuan sebelum ini dalam kes PP v. Ebrahim Mirzaie Hj Ebrahim Deh Mokhtar [2017] 1 CLJ 575, di mana Ahmadi Asnawi, HMR (pada ketika itu) memutuskan seperti berikut: “[38] The evidential value of CCTV evidence, DNA profiles and fingerprint impressions as decided by high authority is only corroborative. The learned trial judge correctly appreciated the position. In PP v Mansor Md Rashid & Anor [1997] 1 CLJ 233, the Federal Court stated that: “Where the identity of a culprit is in question or required to be proved, fingerprint evidence would be of great significance and immense value. In the present case under appeal, however, the charge alleged trafficking in the form of sale and there is evidence indicating the identities of the alleged offenders and the sale transaction. Fingerprint evidence on the newspaper wrapping, white plastic and the loytape, therefore, assumes little value or significance.” [39] Now, having scrutinised the evidence, we were with the learned DPP that even without the CCTV evidence, DNA profiles and fingerprint impressions, there are sufficient evidence to prove the prosecution’s case. [40] The evidence of both PW2 and PW3 (DSM Hairudin bin Abdullah) were uncontroverted that they saw the respondent pulling the bag, exh. P10, before and at the time they approached the respondent. The bag they saw and seized was a brown coloured bag carrying the “Sphere” brand name, exh. P10. It was the respondent himself who had put the said bag in the scanning machine and it was equally the respondent himself who had carried the said bag to the narcotics office. Both testified that the examination of the said bag was done in the presence of the respondent. These are uncontroverted direct evidence which needs no further support for its sustenance.” [60] Berhubung isu pembuktian bahawa Perayu mempunyai mens rea pemilikan dan kawalan terhadap dadah-dadah tersebut, dapatan YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi adalah sebagaimana di bawah: “The first charge [28] Based on SP3's observation, the accused was walking alone and was carrying the plastic bag containing the impugned drugs. SP3 then inspected the black plastic bag that the accused was carrying and found two green plastic bags that contained one transparent package in each bag containing the impugned drugs. [29] The fact that the drugs were in the plastic bag carried by the accused clearly shows that he had possession and control over the drugs. There was no one else walking with him. He therefore had sole custody over the drugs. Other than SP3's testimony, the CCTV recording retrieved from the Ascenda's Security Control Room and the stills from the recording supports SP3's testimony as it showed the accused walking alone carrying the plastic bag before he was accosted by SP3 and team. [30] That the accused was the only one holding the bag and with no one around him could only mean that he had the intention to deal with the drugs in the bag. According to SP3 the accused looked shocked and fearful and attempted to run away but was apprehended after a brief struggle. His conduct is thus relevant and can be used to infer knowledge under section 8 Evidence Act 1950 ('EA 1950') and as elaborated in the case of Parlan Dadeh v PP [2009] 1 CLJ 717. I am therefore satisfied that the accused was in actual possession of the drugs under the first charge. The second charge [31] The drugs pertaining to the second charge were found in the Kelisa car parked at the Ascenda's car park. It was the accused that led the police team to the car. [32] After being accosted by the police, the accused led the police team to his apartment. Access to the apartment was gained using the keys found on the accused. He then gave SP3 a remote-control key to a car found in the apartment and then led SP3 and his team to the Kelisa car. The police found two boxes containing thirty-five green plastic bags. Each bag contained a transparent package containing the impugned drugs. [33] It is apparent that the accused had access to the apartment as he had the keys to it and led the police there. The tenancy agreement also proves that he was a paid tenant. It was also apparent that he had the remote keys to the car where the drugs pertaining to the second charge were found. It was also the accused that led SP3 and his team to the car at the apartment's car park. This statement although self-incriminatory is admissible under section 27 EA 1950. … [36] It was the accused that showed the remote keys to the car and where the car was parked. The discovery of the drugs in the car was pursuant to the information or statement given by the accused to SP3. The information given by the accused is therefore admissible and relevant to prove that the accused had knowledge of the drugs in the car. [37] I would further add that the evidence of the accused leading SP3 and his team to the car where the drugs were found is relevant and admissible as conduct under section 8 EA 1950. [38] The fact that the accused's passport was found in the dashboard compartment also proves that he had access and use of the car. A passport is a valuable piece of document. It is safe to conclude that the accused would not have left his passport in the car if someone else was using the car, as one would only be comfortable leaving the passport in a car that only he had access to. This find coupled with the fact that the remote keys were on the dining table in the apartment that the accused rented points to the irresistible conclusion that that the car was used by the accused. The CCTV recording also showed the accused carrying the box and putting the box in the Kelisa. [39] I find that the accused had the knowledge of the drugs in the car and that he had the power to deal with it to the exclusion of others. I therefore find that the accused was in actual possession of the drugs in respect of the second charge.” [61] Dalam hal ini, Mahkamah ini mendapati bahawa YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi tidak terkhilaf apabila beliau mendapati bahawa Perayu mempunyai jagaan dan kawalan ke atas dadah-dadah yang dirampas tersebut. YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi juga telah membuat inferens yang betul mengenai pengetahuan Perayu berdasarkan keterangan-keterangan yang telah dibuktikan. Atas dapatan tersebut, Mahkamah ini selanjutnya mendapati bahawa YA Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi tidak terkhilaf apabila menggunapakai anggapan statutori pengedaran menurut Seksyen 37(da) ADB 1952, di mana Perayu hendaklah mematahkan anggapan pengedaran dadah; atas imbangan kebarangkalian, seperti mana diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Agung di dalam kes PP v. Yuvaraj [1968] 1 LNS 116; [1969] 2 MLJ 89. [62] Dalam mematahkan anggapan statutori pengedaran ini, Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada kes Tay Cher Boon v. PP [2025] CLJU 1821, di mana Mahkamah Rayuan telah menggariskan panduan berhubung beban pembuktian di dalam kes jenayah, termasuk dalam keadaan di mana anggapan statutori terpakai, sebagaimana di bawah: “[46] Before concluding this judgment, we wish to take the opportunity to provide an illustrative explanation of the three standards of proof that are consistently applied in a criminal trial in court. This is done with the aim of clarifying and facilitating the understanding of the concept of the burden of proof for the benefit of legal practitioners. The levels of proof outlined below can be summarised as follows: First: Beyond Reasonable Doubt In criminal cases, the burden of proof always lies with the prosecution to prove the accused's guilt beyond reasonable doubt. This is the highest standard of proof. Second: Balance of Probabilities In a criminal case where a statutory presumption applies, if the burden of proof shifts to the defence at the end of the prosecution's case, then the level of proof that must be discharged by the accused is on a balance of probabilities. Third: Creating a Reasonable Doubt In a criminal offence that does not involve any statutory presumption that must be rebutted by the accused, the level of proof required for the accused to exonerate and acquit themselves from the charge is lower than the balance of probabilities. At this stage, the accused only needs to create a reasonable doubt in the prosecution's case. [47] The illustrative form of the application of the burden and degrees of proof outlined here is intended to overcome or avoid any ambiguity, inconsistency, or confusion in understanding, as well as differing interpretations and approaches used for these three levels of proof, so that they may be applied correctly and precisely in court. [48] A simple illustrative example is as follows: Prepare a clean A4 white sheet of paper First Scenario: The prosecution's task at the end of the defence case is to blacken the entire A4 white sheet. If this is successfully done, it means that the prosecution has proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Second Scenario: For statutory presumptions arising against the accused, the burden imposed on the accused at the end of the defence case is to rebut that presumption on a balance of probabilities. The task of the defence at this stage is not to whiten the entire black A4 sheet, but rather, only to lighten part of the blackened sheet. If this is successfully done, then the burden of proof on a balance of probabilities has been properly discharged by the defence. Third Scenario: For offences not involving any statutory presumption, the accused's task at the end of the defence case is merely to raise a reasonable doubt in the prosecution's case. The accused only needs to blur a small portion of the blackened A4 sheet. If this is accomplished, the accused is entitled to be acquitted and discharged from the charge against them. (Emphasis added)” [63] Telah menjadi undang-undang yang mantap bahawa berhubung pembuktian mens rea pemilikan dan kawalan, pemilik dadah tersebut (tertuduh) hendaklah sedar tentang pemilikannya, mengetahui sifat bahan yang dimiliki dan hendaklah mempunyai kuasa untuk mengecualikan campur tangan orang lain ke atas dadah-dadah tersebut. Mahkamah dalam menentukan hal ini hendaklah mengambil “pendekatan yang diterima akal” (common sense approach) dan dalam membuat dapatan mengenai perkara ini, ianya merupakan suatu persoalan fakta untuk Mahkamah membuat inferens berdasarkan keadaan sekeliling. [64] Berhubung isu ini, Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Rayuan yang diputuskan Justice Gopal Sri Ram (pada masa itu) dalam kes Wjchai Onprom v Public Prosecutor [2006] 5 MLJ 415 yang memutuskan sebagaimana berikut: “[10] Now take the second question. The court must take a common sense approach when deciding the accused’s purpose in having the drug in his or her possession. This is essentially a question of fact to be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. In Ong Ah Chuan v Public Prosecutor [1981] 1 MLJ 64, Lord Diplock when commenting of the equipollent provisions of the Singapore Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 made observations which our courts have held apply with equal force here. See, Chow Kok Keong v Public Prosecutor [1998] 2 MLJ 337; Looi Kow Chai & Anor v Public Prosecutor [2003] 2 MLJ