the determination of any title or interest by operation of law. In other words, a chargor who is able to demonstrate that the charge, the enforcement of which is sought, is defeasible upon one or more of the grounds specified under sub-ss (2) and (4)(b) above will be held to have established cause to the contrary under s 256(3). The decision of Smith J in Subchent Kaur v Chai Sau Kian [1958] MLJ 32, of the former Federal Court inPhuman Singh v Kho Kwang Choon [1965] 2 MLJ 189, of Raja Azlan Shah J (as he then was) in Overseas Union Finance Ltd v Lim Joo Chong [1971] 2 MLJ 124 and that of Edgar Joseph Jr J (as he then was) in United Malayan Banking Corp Bhd v Syarikat Perumahan Luas Sdn Bhd (No 2) [1988] 3 MLJ 352 (affirmed on appeal) sufficiently illustrate the proposition now under discussion. 11 Secondly, a chargor may show cause to the contrary within s 256(3) of the Code by demonstrating that the chargee has failed to meet the conditions precedent for the making of an application for an order for sale. For example, failure on the part of the chargee to prove the making of a demand or service upon the chargor of a notice in Form 16D would constitute cause to the contrary. So too, where the notice demands sums not lawfully due from the chargee. See Co-operative Central Bank Ltd v Meng Kuang Properties Bhd [1991] 2 MLJ 283. However, in such a case, it would be open to the chargee to subsequently serve a notice or a proper notice (as the case may be) before commencing proceedings afresh as the cause shown to the contrary does not in substance affect the chargee's right to apply for an order for sale. Thirdly, a chargor may defeat an application for an order for sale by demonstrating that its grant would be contrary to some rule of law or equity. This principle finds its origins in the judgment of Aitken J in Murugappa Chettiar v Letchumanan Chettiar [1939] MLJ 296 at p 298 where he said: I agree that equitable principles should not be invoked too freely for the purpose of construing our Land Code, but surely a chargor, who shows that there would be no need to sell his land if the chargee paid up in full what is due from himself in another capacity, has shown good and sufficient cause why the land should not be sold. Section 149 of the Land Code obviously contemplates that there may be cases in which charged land should not be sold, even though there has been a default in payment of the principal sum or interest thereon secured by the charge; and it seems to me that a chargor may 'shew cause' either in law or equity against an application for an order for sale, and that the courts should refuse to make an order in every case where it would be unjust to do so. By 'unjust' I mean contrary 12 to those rules of the common law and equity which are in force in the Federated Malay States. (Penekanan oleh Mahkamah ini) [16] Di dalam mencapai pendekatan terhad dengan memberikan tiga kategori kausa yang bertentangan ini, Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memberikan alasan-alasannya dengan berkata di muka surat 87 begini: “As earlier observed, unless a chargor can bring himself within one of the three categories of cases set out earlier in this judgment, no cause to the contrary would be shown and the court will be obliged to make an order for sale. It would not be sufficient, as was done in the instant case, to allege mere breaches by the chargee of the loan agreement between the chargee and the borrower or even of the terms of the annexure to the charge in order to resist an application under Section 256(3) of the Code. An allegation that the chargee acted in breach of contract, while it may give rise to an independent action in personam, is insufficient per se to defeat the ad rem rights of a chargee under his registered charge to an order for sale. We are conscious that the approach we have adopted results in a very narrow and restrictive interpretation of s 256(3) of the code. But there are 13 good reasons of policy for such an interpretation. It must not be forgotten that in the ordinary way, banks and other financial institutions loan moneys deposited with them by their customers to a borrower on the faith of the security of a charge created over the landed property of the borrower, or as here, of a third party. In the event of a default by the borrower, the lending institution normally looks to early recovery of all or a substantial part of the money due to them from a sale of a security. If the courts of this country interpret the phrase ‘cause to the contrary’ appearing in s 256(3) of the Code liberally, then, institutional lenders would loose confidence in their right to realize their security through an order for sale. Financial institutions would then become reluctant to lend money to bonafide entrepreneurs. Commerce would come to a standstill and the development of land and industries in this country which are largely dependent upon loans from banks would cease. No judgment of this court will be designed to produce such a consequence.” Alasan (i): Plaintif tidak berhak untuk mendapatkan perintah jualan tersebut kerana tidak ada gadaian yang sah menurut undang-undang telah didaftarkan di pejabat tanah atas hartanah tersebut. Alasan (ii): Defendan tidak pernah menandatangani apa-apa dokumen gadaian terhadap hartanah tersebut dan jika wujud gadaian sekalipun, 14 pinjaman-pinjaman tersebut adalah di antara Defendan dan Standard Chartered Bank Malaysia Berhad. {Alasan (i) dan Alasan (ii) akan ditentukan bersekali} [17] Adalah telah dihujahkan bagi pihak Defendan bahawa Plaintif tidak berhak untuk mendapatkan perintah jualan tersebut kerana tidak ada gadaian yang sah menurut undang-undang telah didaftarkan di pejabat tanah atas hartanah tersebut. Menurut Defendan lagi, gadaian yang didaftarkan di bawah No. Perserahan 107922/2015 pada 15.10.2015 tersebut adalah suatu gadaian yang tidak sah kerana beliau tidak pada bila-bila masapun ada menandatanganai apa-apa dokumen gadaian berkenaan hartanah tersebut. [18] Defendan juga telah cuba mempertikaikan dokumen gadaian di No. Perserahan 107922/2015 bertarikh 15.10.2016 dengan mengatakan bahawa gadaian tersebut adalah satu gadaian yang tak sah kerana di dalam Borang 16A (GADAIAN) perenggan (a) dan (b) di muka surat pertama gadaian tersebut telah dipotong dan telah meninggalkan catatan di perenggan (c) sahaja. Menurut Defendan pemotongan perenggan (a) dan (b) telah menjadikan gadaian 15 Defendan sebagai gadaian pihak ketiga (third party charge) dan bukannya gadaian pihak pertama (first party charge). [19] Penelitian Mahkamah ini ke atas Borang 16A di Eksibit HR-5, Kandungan 2 (Afidavit Sokongan Plaintif) menunjukkan bahawa Borang 16A telahpun didaftarkan oleh Plaintif dengan Pendaftar Hakmilik Selangor pada jam 12.57 pada 15.10.2015. Di Borang 16 A tersebut jelas menunjukkan bahawa Defendan sebagai tuanpunya hartanah tersebut telah menggadai hartanah tersebut bagi maksud menjamin pembayaran pinjaman yang telah diberikan oleh pemegang gadaian (Plaintif) kepadanya. Di muka surat 1, Borang 16A yang telah didaftarkan oleh Plaintif jelas menunjukkan bahawa Defendan sebagai tuanpunya berdaftar hartanah tersebut sememangnya telah bersetuju bahawa hartanah tersebut digadai kepada Plaintif sebagai jaminan pembayaran pinjaman yang telah diperolehinya. Pengakuan Defendan di muka surat 1, Borang 16A diperturunkan di bawah ini: “Saya, SUZIANA BINTI ABD SAMAT (NO. K/P: 650131-10-5668) seorang warganegara Malaysia yang cukup umur dan beralamat di b1-11, pj Industrial Park, Jalan Kemajuan, 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor 16 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. *tuanpunya tanah/bahagian yang tidak dipecahkan atas tanah yang tersebut dalam jadual di bawah ini; *pemajak/pemajak kecil dalam pajakan/pajakan kecil yang tersebut dalam jadual di bawah ini bagi tanah yang tersebut itu; Bagi maksud menjamin- *(a) pembayaran balik pinjaman sebanyak RM yang dengan ini saya telah mengaku telah terima, kepada pemegang gadaian yang tersebut namanya di bawah ini, beserta faedah; *(b) pembayaran wang sebanyak RM kepada pemegang gadaian yang tersebut namanya di bawah ini, beserta faedah dan sebagai balasan; _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ *(c) pembayaran kepada pemegang gadaian yang tersebut namanya di bawah ini, beserta faedah, wang yang dari semasa ke semasa kena dibayar kepadanya daripada *akaun semasa saya/akaun yang berikut yang disimpan di antara kami ”. (Penekanan oleh Mahkamah ini) 17 [20] Defendan di dalam kes ini telahpun menandatangani suatu Surat Kuasa Wakil bertarikh 15.9.1997 di mana Defendan telah memberikan kuasa kepada Bank Standard Chartered untuk menyempurnakan suatu gadaian ke atas hartanah tersebut serta menyempurnakan segala dokumen-dokumen berkaitan yang lain sekiranya hakmilik berasingan telah dikeluarkan bagi hartanah tersebut. [21] Plaintif melalui Perintah Letakhak Mahkamah (Vesting Order) bertarikh 20.11.2007 telahpun mengambil alih hak serta kuasa yang berkaitan dengan perjanjian pinjaman tersebut termasuk segala hak yang termaktub di dalam Surat Kuasa Wakil tersebut dari Bank Standard Chartered. [22] Mahkamah ini juga perlu merujuk kepada Surat Kuasa Wakil bertarikh 15.9.1997 {Eksibit HR-B, Kandungan 9 (Afidavit Jawapan Plaintif)} yang jelas menyatakan seperti berikut: “NOW THIS INSTRUMENT WITNESSETH that in consideration of the Bank agreeing to grant or to continue to grant from time to time the Facilities to 18 the Borrower, the Assignor hereby by way of security irrevocably appoints the Bank to be general attorney of the Assignor on behalf of the Assignor and in the name of the Assignor or otherwise, and with full power of substitution:-