(B) (unreported), melalui Sistem Pengurusan Mahkamah (CMS) yang dirakamkan pada 13 November 2019, panel Mahkamah Persekutuan yang dipengerusikan oleh David Wong Dak Wah HB (Sabah dan Sarawak) memutuskan antara lain seperti berikut: Mahkamah: “This is the unanimous decision of the Court. In view of the fact that the trial judge had failed to indicate, at the end of the Prosecution's case, as to what basis was the Appellant to enter his defence, we are of the view that the Appellant has been prejudiced in the preparation of the defence. As such we find the conviction on trafficking is not safe. However, there are enough evidence to convict her on possession. Accordingly, we set aside the conviction for trafficking and substituted with one for possession under s.12(2) read together with s.39A(2) of the DDA. The Appellant is sentenced to 18 years of imprisonment w.e.f.d.o.a 15.11.13." [38] Di dalam kes Rozman bin Ibrahim v. Public Prosecutor (Mahkamah Persekutuan Rayuan No: 05 - (M) -205 - 09 / 2019 (B) (unreported) melalui transkrip persidangan yang dirakamkan pada 1 November 2021, Mahkamah Persekutuan yang dipengerusikan oleh Azahar bin Mohamed HMP (beliau pada ketika itu) telah memutuskan di antara lain seperti berikut: “Mahkamah Tinggi sebelum memanggil Perayu membuat pembelaan tidak menyatakan samada kes prima facie wujud disebabkan presumption possession di seksyen 37D (sic) atau actual possession di bawah seksyen 37A(sic) atau seksyen 2 ADB. Miscarriage of justice berlaku kerana Perayu tidak tahu hala tuju dan beban pembuktian yang dikenakan ke atas beliau sewaktu membuat pembelaan ". [39] Di dalam Sathya Vello v. Public Prosecutor [2022] 4 MLJ 111 di m/s 128, Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui penghakiman yang disampaikan oleh Abdul Rahman Sebli HMP (beliau pada ketika itu) pada 21 April 2022 menyatakan di antaranya seperti berikut: [57] There is no requirement in s 180 of the CPC that when calling for the accused to enter on his defence, the trial judge must inform him verbally or in writing of the reason or reasons why he is calling for him to enter on his defence. What is required is for the trial judge to be satisfied that the prosecution has adduced credible evidence to prove each ingredient of the offence charged. There is no other requirement and the law reports are replete with authorities on what constitutes prima facie case. [58] In fact the trial judge is not even required to provide any reason for calling for the defence. The authority for this proposition is the decision of this court in Junaidi bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor [1993] 3 MLJ 217. This is what the court said through Mohamed Azmi SCJ at p 223 after referring to Ong CJ’s observations in Yap Chai Chai & Anor v Public Prosecutor [1973] 1 MLJ 219: In our opinion, there is also no statutory provision requiring a judge sitting alone to expressly record his reason before calling the accused to enter his defence or to state his findings on the credibility of main prosecution witnesses. But, as a matter of practice, where there is a reason for doing so, such as where a submission to answer has been made in a complex case, or where the accused is called to answer a defence on a lesser or alternative charge, judges do sometimes give their reasons. In uncomplicated cases, such as in the instant appeal, it is not obligatory or even necessary to do so. By calling an accused to enter his defence, it should be assumed that the trial judge must on evaluation of the evidence, have been satisfied that the prosecution had, at that stage of the trial, established a prima facie case which, if unrebutted, would warrant a conviction of the accused. To arrive at such a conclusion, it is inherent that the judge must consider all the evidence adduced by the prosecution as tested in cross-examination, on a prima facie basis. In this appeal, the establishment of a prima facie case of unlawful possession of a firearm under s 57 of the Act was so obvious, even to the defence counsel, that it became academic and unnecessary for the court to consider an order of acquittal under s 180 of the Code. [59] I see no reason why this panel should depart from this decision, which was based on sound policy considerations. The decision was reaffirmed by this court in Pendakwa Raya v Mohd Radzi bin Abu Bakar [2005] MLJU 504; [2006] 1 CLJ 457 where Gopal Sri Ram JCA (as he then was) in a separate judgment said: The failure by the trial court either to make or to record such a finding does not in our judgment occasion a miscarriage of justice. It is sufficient for the judicial arbiter — be he judge or magistrate — to give his reasons in his written grounds of judgment for requiring an accused to make his defence [60] The case was also applied in the Court of Appeal case of Yap You Jee v Public Prosecutor and other appeals [2015] 5 MLJ 334; [2015] 7 CLJ 897 through the judgment of Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat JCA (as the Right Honourable Chief Justice then was). So, if the law does not require the trial judge to give any reason for calling for the accused’s defence, there is no reason why he is required to inform the accused at the close of the prosecution case whether any presumption of law applies against him. In any case, even if there is a failure to do so at this stage of the trial, it does not ipso facto and for that reason alone, render the decision to call for the defence fatally flawed. What will be fatal is not to comply with s 180 at all. [61] The danger of placing such burden on the trial judge is that he may invoke the wrong presumption and in the process mislead the accused and thus causing a miscarriage of justice. For example, the trial judge may tell the accused that his defence is called on presumed trafficking when there is no evidence that the accused had knowledge of the drug to trigger the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da). This will mislead the accused into preparing his defence with a view to rebutting the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) on the heavier burden of proving his case on the balance of probabilities when no such burden is imposed on him by law. [74] I fail to understand how the failure by the learned trial judge to inform the appellant whether his defence was called on presumed trafficking or on direct trafficking had prejudiced him in the preparation of his defence. First of all, the law does not require the trial judge to do so when calling for his defence. The fact that the appellant would have to bear the burden of rebutting the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) of the DDA if his defence was called on presumed trafficking is neither here nor there and is not a valid reason in law for imposing such duty on the trial judge if on the evidence the presumption applied against him. [75] In this regard, it must be remembered that the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) operates by operation of law and the court has no discretion not to invoke it once affirmative evidence of knowledge is proved against the accused and the weight of the drug is of or above the minimum prescribed by the section. It is therefore irrelevant whether or not the accused is told that the presumption applies against him. In any case, on the state of the evidence established by the prosecution at the close of its case, the accused in a drug trafficking trial should be able to know whether the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) applies against him without having to be told about it. Surely the presumption would apply if, for example, the evidence is that he threw away the drug on being pursued by the police. But that is not the scenario in the present case. [76] In the present case, the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) did not apply against the appellant as there was no evidence that he had knowledge of the presence of the drugs in the specially constructed compartments of the luggage bags. What was established was only evidence of custody and control of the luggage bags containing the drugs. This triggered the presumption of knowledge under s 37(d) and not the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da). [77] Since only custody and control of the drugs had been established against the appellant at the close of the prosecution case and not knowledge of the drugs, it should have been obvious to the appellant that it was the presumption of knowledge under s 37(d) that applied against him and not the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da), which required affirmative evidence of knowledge to be established by the prosecution, of which there was none. [78] Therefore, given the fact that only custody and control of the drugs had been proved against the appellant at the close of the prosecution case and not knowledge of the presence of the drugs to trigger the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da), there was absolutely no basis for the appellant’s concern that he would have to rebut the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) due to the failure by the learned trial judge to inform him verbally or in writing whether his defence was called on presumed trafficking or on direct trafficking. [79] On the factual matrix of the case, there were only two presumptions under the DDA that would apply against the appellant, either the presumption of knowledge under s 37(d) or the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da). The presumption of knowledge under s 37(d) would apply upon proof of custody or control of the drugs and the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da) would apply upon affirmative proof of knowledge of the drugs, ie upon proof of mens rea possession of the drugs. Mere proof of physical custody or control of the drugs would not be sufficient to trigger the presumption of trafficking under s 37(da). It is perhaps appropriate at this point to also mention that the court can only invoke either of the presumptions and not both. [111] While it is true that the learned trial judge did not consider the cautioned statement of the appellant, what is also true is that the statement was in substance similar to the appellant’s evidence in court. [112] I agree with what was said above, that a mere omission by a trial judge to refer to the accused’s cautioned statement in the judgment does not vitiate the conviction if the previous out of court statement could add nothing further to the accused’s evidence in court. [117] As for the complaint that the learned trial judge failed to consider then evidence of DW2, I do not consider it to be such a serious omission as to vitiate the guilty verdict entered against the appellant. In any event, I fail to see how DW2’s evidence that she had lodged a police report against Ganesan and Nanthini and had provided the police with the photos and telephone numbers of these two persons could cast a reasonable doubt in the prosecution case that the large amount of drugs in the appellant’s possession was for the purpose of trafficking. It will be against all probabilities of the case to consider the evidence as having that effect. [40] Sewajarnya dinyatakan bahawa keputusan kes Sathya Vello (supra) ini telah diketepikan oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan melalui panel berasingan yang dipengerusikan oleh YAA Ketua Hakim Negara Tun Tengku Maimum binti Tuan Mat pada 15 Jun 2022 melalui pendengaran semakan semula di bawah Aturan 137 Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah Persekutuan 1995. Alasan untuk semakan semula yang diberikan oleh panel ini mengikut Nota Keterangan bertarikh 15 Jun 2022 adalah seperti berikut: “This is our unanimous decision. Enclosure 1 is an application for a review under Rule 137 of the Rules of the Federal Court. It is trite that the threshold for review is very high. One of the grounds raised by the applicant in the application is breach of natural justice. The earlier panel had departed from earlier decision of this court without invitation from the prosecution and without giving the applicant the right to be heard. Having considered the submission, we are satisfied that the applicant has met the threshold of review. We find that this is an exceptional case where we should exercise our discretion to ensure certainty and clarity in the administration of criminal law in particular drug trafficking cases ". Mahkamah: ‘’A long line of cases has established that the proviso to section 92