5.8 Setibanya di lif lobi di tingkat bawah, Perayu ditahan oleh SP1 dan anggota pasukan beliau. [6] Isu rayuan di hadapan kami - Peguam Perayu yang bijaksana hanya menimbulkan satu isu sahaja iaitu Perayu tidak mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai dadah yang menjadi hal perkara pertuduhan. 6 [7] Peguam Perayu membawa perhatian kami kepada keterangan pembelaan Perayu iaitu “Shafiq” rakan Perayu telah meminta Perayu untuk berjumpa SP5 di pangsapuri tempat kejadian dan Perayu juga ingin berjumpa penyewa baru pangsaputi tersebut. Perayu telah mendaftarkan nama beliau di buku pelawat (P19) kerana Perayu tidak lagi mempunyai kad akses. [8] Apabila tiba di rumah sewa (pangsapuri tersebut), SP5 telah membuka pintu. SP5 memberitahu bakal penyewa baru tidak datang. Perayu berbual sebentar dengan SP5. Apabila Perayu ingin meninggalkan rumah tersebut, SP5 ada memberi satu beg kertas berlipat (P8) untuk diserahkan kepada “Shafiq”. Perayu tidak mengesyaki apa-apa serta tidak memeriksa kandungan beg kertas tersebut. Apabila turun, keluar dari lif, Perayu ditangkap oleh Polis. [9] Kami telah meneliti semula penghakiman Hakim bicara mengenai isu “pengetahuan” yang dibangkitkan. Bermula dari dapatan Hakim bicara di akhir kes pendakwaan, (lihat para 17 m.s. 18 Rekod Rayuan Jld. 1), Hakim bicara telah merujuk kes PP v Padi bin Abdullah [1989] 2 MLJ 60: “On the facts, it is clear that the accused was caught red-handed to have in his custody or control the bag which contained the drugs. Under section 37(d) of the Act, he shall thus be deemed to have in his possession the drug and to have known the nature of such drug until the contrary is proved.” [10] Seterusnya iaitu perenggan 20 dan 21, Hakim bicara membuat dapatan bahawa elemen “pengetahuan” telah dibuktikan melalui keterangan 7 ikut keadaan seperti yang dihuraikan dalam kes Gunalan a/l Ramachandran & Ors v PP [2004] 4 MLJ 489. [11] Pemakaian anggapan undang-undang mengenai “pengetahuan” di bawah seksyen 37(d) ADB 1952 dan juga dapatan “affirmative” berlandaskan kepada keterangan mengikut keadaan, kami merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Raman a/l Kunjiraman v PP (Crim. App No. 05-260-10/2011 perenggan 26) menyatakan: “…there is nothing to prevent the trial judge from analyzing all the alternatives available to him under the Act …the judge has not breached the rule of double presumption by taking into consideration the various alternatives in the reservoir of choices or alternatives available to him.” [12] Akhirnya di perenggan 59 Penghakiman (m.s. 43-44 Rekod Rayuan Jld. 1), Hakim bicara membuat dapatan mengenai pengetahuan bahawa pembelaan gagal mengakas anggapan undang-undang di bawah seksyen 37(d) ADB 1952. [13] Seterusnya di akhir kes Pembelaan, Hakim bicara memutuskan bahawa anggapan berganda boleh digunapakai dalam kes ini oleh seksyen 37A ADB 1952. Tarikh berkuatkuasa pindaan tersebut bermula dari 15 Februari 2014. Pertuduhan terhadap Perayu melakukan kesalahan pada 29 Oktober 2014. [14] Kami juga meneliti Penghakiman Hakim bicara di para 22 (m.s. Rekod Rayuan Jld. 1), yang menyatakan: 8 “Jika benar beg P8 tersebut kepunyaan Shafiq dan Perayu tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentang kandungan di dalam beg tersebut, sudah pasti Perayu akan terus memaklumkan SP1 sewaktu tangkapan dibuat ke atasnya tentang Shafiq.” [15] Dari keterangan Perayu di m.s. 75 Rekod Rayuan Jld. 2 menyatakan: “saya beritahu kepada Polis yang barang itu diberi oleh Mu’iz untuk dibawa dan diberi kepada Shafiq.” [16] Kami telah merujuk kembali kepada Pemeriksaan Balas keterangan SP1, yang merupakan pegawai tangkapan dari m.s. 12 hingga 17 Rekod Rayuan Jld. 2. Kami dapati tiada sebarang unjuran bahawa Perayu telah memberitahu SP1 bahawa beg tersebut serta kandungannya adalah kepunyaan “Shafiq”. Sebaliknya semasa pemeriksaan semula di m.s. Rekod Rayuan Jld. 2, SP1 menyatakan semasa Perayu ditangkap, Perayu tidak menyatakan ada orang lain ketika itu. [17] Seterusnya kami merujuk kepada keterangan Pemeriksaan Balas SP8 iaitu Pegawai Penyiasat. SP8 bersetuju “Shafiq” bukanlah “fictitious” TETAPI tiada sebarang unjuran kepada SP8 bahawa Perayu ada memberitahu SP8 selaku Pegawai Penyiasat bahawa beg berisi dadah tersebut adalah kepunyaan “Shafiq”. Kami juga mendapati tiada Percakapan Beramaran Perayu dikemukakan untuk melihat sama ada Perayu ada memberitahu SP8 bahawa beg dan dadah tersebut adalah kepunyaan “Shafiq”. Kegagalan ini menyebabkan pembelaan bahawa Perayu ada memberitahu polis tentang P8 adalah kepunyaan “Shafiq” dianggap sebagai fikir semula (afterthought). 9 [18] Dalam isu ini, kami merujuk kepada nas undang-undang tersohor dalam kes Teng Howe Sing v PP [2009] 3 CLJ 733: “[32] Applying the principle in Badrulsham’s case to the facts of the instant case, the learned trial judge was correct to conclude that the Appellant has two opportunities to provide information about “Ho Seng”, i.e. at the time of his arrest and five days later driving the recording of his cautioned statement but he failed to do so…entitled the learned trial judge to disbelieve him.” [19] Dalam kes tersohor Parlan bin Dadeh [2009] 1 CLJ 717, di m.s 738- 741) di mana Mahkamah Persekutuan telah memutuskan dan menyenaraikan sebagai nas undang-undang untuk pembuktian “pengetahuan” iaitu seperti berikut: “[20] In Emmanuel Yaw Teiku v PP [2006] 3 CLJ 597 Richard Malanjum FCJ (as he then was) said at pp 605-606: It should be borne in mind that proof of intention or knowledge is generally inferred from proved facts and circumstances. It is difficult to do so by other means unless there is a clear admission by the person himself. This difficulty had been acknowledged in the case of Chan Pean Leon v PP [1956] MLJ 237 when Thomson J said this (at p 239): Intention is a matter of fact which in the nature of things cannot be proved by direct evidence. It can only be proved by inference from the surrounding circumstances. Whether these surrounding circumstances make out such intention is a question of fact in each individual case. [21] In Wong Nam Loi v PP [1998] 1 CLJ 37 Shaik Daud JCA said at p 40: In most cases, knowledge cannot be adduced by direct or tangible evidence but only by inference from the surrounding circumstances. 10 [22] In Tunde Apatira & Ors v PP [2001] 1 CLJ 381 the packets containing the drugs were swallowed by the accused persons and were found in their stomachs. Gopal Sri Ram JCA in writing for this court said at p 388: The totality of the evidence reasonably supports the conclusion that the appellants were in actual possession of the proscribed drug at the time of their initial detention. [23] The passage referred to above deals with knowledge having been established based on inferences drawn from proved facts and not direct evidence. [24] In the recent judgment of this court in PP v Abdul Rahman binAkif [2007] 4 CLJ 337, Arifin Zakaria FCJ in dealing with the manger of proving knowledge said at pp 351-353: ..[19] The issue of knowledge necessary to establish possession came to be considered by the English House of Lords in the case of Warner v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 All ER 356, which was considered and relied upon by the Singapore Court of Appeal in Zulfikar bin Mustaffah v PP [2001] 1 SLR 633. In Warner the following question was posed to their Lordships: Whether for the purpose of s. 1 of the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964, a defendant is deemed to be in possession of a prohibited substance when to his knowledge he is in physical possession of the substance but is unaware of its true nature. [20] At p 367 Lord Reid addressed the issue as follows: The object of this legislation ………. Ignorance of the law is no defence and in fact virtually everyone knows that there are prohibited drugs. So it would be quite sufficient to prove facts from which it could properly be inferred that the accused knew that he had a prohibited drug in his possession. That would not lead to an unreasonable result. 11 [21] In the same case Lord Morris answered the question in the following manner: If there is assent to the control of a thing, either after having the means of knowledge of what the thing is or contains or being unmindful whether there are means of knowledge or not, then ordinarily there will be possession. If there is some momentary custody of a thing without any knowledge or means of knowledge of what the thing is or contains then ordinarily, I would suppose that there would not be possession. If, however, someone deliberately assumes control of some package or container, then I would think that he is in possession of it. If he deliberately so assumes control knowing that it has contents, he would also be in possession of the contents. I cannot think that it would be rational to hold that someone who is in possession of a box which he knows to have things in it is in possession of the box but not in possession of the things in it. If he had been misinformed or misled as to the nature of the contents, or if he had made a wrong surmise as to them, it seems to be that he would nevertheless be in possession of them. [25] The law is clear and well settled. Proof of knowledge is very often a matter of inference. The material from which the inference of knowledge can be drawn varies from case to case. It would be sufficient for the prosecution to prove facts from which it could properly be inferred that the accused had the necessary knowledge. The ratio decidendi of Toh Su Kuan v PP [2005] 3 CLJ 740 is thus inconsistent with settled legal principles. In particular it conflicts with the correct statement of the law in the Court of Appeal case of Wong Nam Loi v PP [1998] 1 CLJ 37 and the application of the principles in the judgment of this court in Tunde Apatira & Ors v PP [2001] 1 CLJ 381. The Court of Appeal is therefore justified in this case in disregarding Toh Su Kuan v PP [2005] 3 CLJ 740 as the rule of precedent allows it to choose which of its past conflicting decisions it will follow. As a matter of fact the case ought not to be followed as it cannot stand with the judgment of this Court in Tunde Apatira & Ors v PP [2001] 1 CLJ 381. In any event this court is not concerned with the judgment in Toh Su Kuan v PP [2005] 3 CLJ 740 as it is per incuriam. The submission advanced by the appellant is therefore without any merit.” 12 [20] Atas alasan-alasan di atas, kami bersependapat menolak rayuan sebagai tidak bermerit. Keterangan adalah kukuh. Sabitan adalah selamat. Justeru Rayuan ditolak. Sabitan dan hukuman disahkan. t.t. MOHTARUDIN BIN BAKI 28 Januari 2019 Pihak Perayu : Messrs. J. Kuldeep Kumar & Co. Peguambela & Peguamcara F3 Taman Tunku Bukit Tunku 50480 Kuala Lumpur Pihak Responden : Nurshafini binti Mustafha