Saya juga merujuk kepada keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan yang mengesahkan keputusan Mahkamah Tinggi dan Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Dato’ Azizan Abd Rahman & Ors v. Concrete Parade Sdn Bhd & Ors And Other Appeals [2024] 5 CLJ 193, FC dan saya petik keputusan Yang Arif Azizul Azmi Adnan, J seperti berikut: “[14] The general principle for the governance of companies is majority rule. This principle is, unsurprisingly, subject to established exceptions: for example, parties are free to modify the operation of the principle of majority rule by contract. Hence, not infrequently, shareholders’ agreements will provide for “reserved matters” that may only be approved with unanimity or by supermajority assent. Another example is s. 346, which is a statutory intrusion into the principle of majority rule. The law recognizes that, in certain circumstances, the powers of a company may be exercised in manner that is commercially unfair to a party who does not wield control over the fate and direction of the company, most usually a minority shareholder. In such cases, the law provides for wide powers of the court to provide relief to the oppressed. [15] Thus, if the affairs of a company or the powers of its directors are being exercised in an oppressive manner or in disregard of the interests of a member or debenture holder, or an act has taken place or is threatened that unfairly discriminates against or prejudices a member or debenture holder, the jurisdiction of the court to grant its wide-ranging relief under s. 346(2) would be triggered. [16] In order to establish a case under s. 346, a complainant must prove oppression, disregard or unfair discrimination or prejudice. There must exist commercial unfairness, or in the words of Lord Wilberforce in Re Kong ThaiSawmill - a visible departure from the standards of fair dealing and a violation of the conditions of fair play - before a case can be made. [17] The difference between ss. 346(1)(a) and 346(1)(b) is that the former is concerned not with particular acts but the manner in which the affairs of a company are being conducted generally, whereas the latter relates to specifically identifiable acts, whether actual or threatened. Despite the use of the present tense in s. 346(1)(a) – “are being conducted” and “are being exercised” - it is open to the court to find that oppression exists if past conduct suggests that a tendency or propensity to oppress or discriminate exists at the time of the proceedings. A case for oppression can be made even if it emanates from a single act or omission, for as long as the effects of that single act or omission are such that they persist at the date of the suit. [18] Whether or not there was oppression, disregard, unfair discrimination or prejudice in any particular case must be determined from the facts of each case. Accordingly, a particular act in the context of one case may be held not to be oppressive conduct, but that same act in the circumstances of a different case may well be. In this regard, case law would be useful for the principles that were considered and applied, but the decision in each case must be arrived at based on the particular facts of that case. [19] The test for unfairness is an objective one. The court must determine whether reasonable directors possessing the skills, knowledge, acumen and experience of the directors would have decided that a proposed course of action was unfair. That the directors may act honestly in the best interest of the company is not sufficient to exculpate them; the court must still apply the reasonable director test to ascertain the fairness of the conduct: Winds Ridge Farms Ltd v. Quadra Group Investments. [20] The rights of a member or debenture holder under s. 346 accrues to that member or debenture holder personally. It is not a right exercisable by a member on behalf of the company of which he is a member. As such, where the conduct complained of is unlawful or amounts to a breach of a duty owed to the company, a member may only seek to invoke s. 346 where that unlawfulness or breach of duty also causes oppression of, unfair discrimination against, or prejudice to, the member. Without the element of unfairness or prejudice to the rights of the complainant qua member of the company, the breach of a duty that is owed to the company is only actionable by the member through the derivative action procedure.” - Penekanan ditambah