Di dalam membenarkan rayuan untuk penghakiman terus dimasukkan terhadap defendan, Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan: In coming to a decision in cases involving goods sold and delivered such as in this case, I would place due emphasis on the written documents, namely the statement of accounts, invoices, delivery orders, delivery notes and the debit notes. These documents would collectively constitute a contract reduced into writing. This principle had been laid down in the case of Pernas Trading Sdn Bhd v Persatuan Peladang Bakti Melaka [1979] 2 MLJ 124 where Salleh Abas FJ (as he then was), delivering the judgment of the Federal Court said, ‘We feel that this course of action is not open to the respondents, as it is clear that under s 92 of the Evidence Act 1950, oral evidence to contradict, vary, add to JA-A52NCC-245-11/2021 Alasan Penghakiman 9 or subtract from, the terms of any contract, grant or disposition of property which had been reduced in writing is not admissible. The sales invoice and the delivery note being the contract reduced in writing between the appellants and the respondents s 92 therefore applies.’ See also YK Fung Securities Sdn Bhd v Ronald Yeoh Kheng Hian [1989] 3 MLJ 490 where the High Court had decided that ‘he was subsequently furnished with the relevant monthly statement of accounts to which he had no objections, protest or queries.’ … In the present case, the plaintiff had sent statement of accounts and invoices to the first defendant. The fact is undisputed. Letters of demand were sent by the plaintiff to the defendant and the defendant had neither protested nor questioned the plaintiff on the statements of accounts, Invoices, delivery notes, debit notes and the letter of demand. Furthermore, the first defendant had stopped payment of its two cheques issued to the plaintiff without giving any reasons. In the case of Emperee Industries Sdn Bhd v Renecgo Sdn Bhd [1987] 1 CLJ 477, also a case on goods sold and delivered, the High Court allowed the plaintiffs application for summary judgment since the delivery orders had shown that the defendant had acknowledged receipt of each delivery and the plaintiff had issued detailed invoices followed by statements of accounts. The defendant had not attempted to explain away these documents and had in addition to that, not been able to show why he had not protested if indeed he had been invoiced for someone else’s goods. In the case of Syarikat Tan Thiam Siong Sdn Bhd [1983] 1 CLJ 256, also a case on goods sold and delivered, the High Court, granting the plaintiffs application for summary judgment, held that: ‘The law is that in the event of non-query an account-stated came into existence which created an estoppel against the defendant from querying the accounts thereafter. There are JA-A52NCC-245-11/2021 Alasan Penghakiman 10 situations for example if there was fraud, when a query may be permitted but on the facts of the case, no such situation existed.’ Applying the above principles to the present case, it is an undisputed fact that the plaintiff had sent statements of accounts to the first defendant and the first defendant had not questioned the plaintiff on the said accounts. This means that a situation of ‘account-stated’ had arisen and the defendants are thereby estopped from now questioning the statement of accounts.”