If the plaintiff is not justified in seeking medical treatment at a private hospital, there is no valid basis for the Court to award him the full amount of the costs of medical treatment at a private hospital. This result necessarily flows from the principles decided by the appellate courts which require both justification for seeking treatment at private hospital and also the reasonableness of the costs of such treatment before the claimant is entitled to recover the full amount of costs of treatment at private hospital. [24] In our present case the trial judge has erred in principle and/or has failed to consider the relevant matters in relation to awarding of costs of future medical treatments at a private hospital, and as such, has erred in principle. [25] Applying the principles on award of costs of future medical treatment at a private hospital, this Court holds that in the circumstances of the present case the Plaintiff has failed to show justification for seeking medical treatments in future at a private hospital. Following the practice of one-third, this Court holds that the Plaintiff should be awarded one-third of the future medical treatment costs at a private hospital. Berbalik kepada kes semasa di hadapan Mahkamah, tekanan wajar dibuat bahawa ketika pertama kali plaintif mendapatkan rawatan di hospital-hospital kerajaan, ketika itu adalah tahun 2021. Kini tahun 2024. Oleh itu, Mahkamah ini berpendapat adalah tidak wajar menggunakan apa kesulitan yang terjadi dalam tahun tersebut bagi tujuan tuntutan item ini atau hanya berlandaskan bahawa plaintif sebelum ini mendapatkan rawatan di hospital swasta. Mitigation of loss is still in issue. Sebab itulah terdapat ujian-ujian yang perlu dibuktikan oleh plaintif sebelum Mahkamah ini boleh membenarkan jumlah secara total. Namun, dalam hal ini, plaintif gagal melepasi ujian-ujian yang ditetapkan. Oleh itu, Mahkamah membenarkan 1/3 daripada jumlah yang disarankan oleh pakar defendan = RM13,666.00 tanpa faedah j. Kos Pengangkutan Tidak dihujahkan oleh plaintif Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00-DITOLAK k. Kos untuk laporan pakar Regency Specialist Hospital Sdn Bhd Kedua-dua pihak bersetujui item ini di bawah kos Keputusan Mahkamah-di bawah kos l. Kos Rawatan RM52,800.95 RM9,332.65 (1/3 daripada RM27,997.95) atas alasan bahawa pihak plaintif gagal mitigate the loss dan rawatan di hospital kerajaan lebih murah. Keputusan Mahkamah-RM52,800.95 Dokumen-dokumen sokongan plaintif adalah sebagaimana Eksibit P7- RM24,975.45 dan Eksibit P9-RM27,825.50. P7- Rawatan di IIUM Medical Centre P9-Rawatan di Hospital Regency. Mahkamah berpuas hati dengan dokumen-dokumen sokongan tersebut. Berkenaan dengan mitigation of loss, plaintif telah menerangkan isu covid, masalah-masalah yang timbul semasa beliau mendapatkan rawatan di Hospital Rompin dan HTAA dan kesakitan yang beliau alami. Plaintif telah menunjukkan bahawa kesemua perkara tersebut penting untuk beliau ambil tindakan segera apabila beliau perlu bekerja untuk menyara keluarga. Harminder Singh Dhaliwal HMR (pada ketika itu) dalam kes Muhammad Yassein Zuliskandar (A Child Suing Through his Father and next friend; Zuliskandar Md Pechor) v Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors) [2019] 4 CLJ 289 menyatakan seperti berikut- [9] This issue concerns the application of the so-called "one-third rule" whereby medical costs and expenses incurred in a private hospital claimed by plaintiff would not be allowed in full if it can be shown that such treatment was available at government hospitals. In this context, it was submitted by the plaintiff that the learned DR has misunderstood the decisions of this court in Chai Yee Chong v. Lew Thai [2004] 2 CLJ 321; [2004] 2 MLJ 465 ("Chai Yee Chong ") and Gleneagles Hospital (KL) Sdn Bhd v. Chung Chu Yin & Ors And Another Appeal [2013] 8 CLJ 449; [2013] 4 MLJ 785 ("Gleneagles Hospital ") to mean that a claimant can recover only one-third of the cost of private healthcare medical expenses. [10] In this regard, we agree that in Chai Yee Chong, no such "one-third principle" was set out. Indeed, as was pointed out in the case itself, no such principle is provided under any written law. It has only become a matter of practice through the adoption of case precedents. Instead, it was decided that the test of reasonableness should be applied in deciding whether the claimant is entitled to recover the full sum of the private healthcare medical expenses. [11] This test of reasonableness was recently affirmed by the Federal Court in Inas Faiqah Mohd Helmi (A Child Suing Through Her Father And Next Friend; Mohd Helmi Abdul Aziz) v. Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors [2016] 2 CLJ 885; [2016] 2 MLJ 1 ("Inas Faiqah ") where Abdull Hamid Embong FCJ, in speaking for the court, observed as follows (at pp. 898-899 (CLJ); p. 15 (MLJ)): [36] In this respect, we are in agreement with the contention of the appellant that the case of Chai Yee Chong is not relevant to the present case. We respectfully say that the Court of Appeal had erred in coming to its conclusion that the award made by the learned trial judges was in line with the current practice on the strength of the decision in Chai Yee Chong, which is a case concerning a claim for past private medical treatment. In determining a claim for future medical treatment, be it at private, or at a public hospital, the question of reasonableness in making such a claim should always be the paramount consideration. The plaintiff not only needs to justify, for instance, why he chooses treatment at a private hospital over a public one, but he must also show that the amount claimed for such treatment is reasonable. Of course this can be satisfied by the production of compelling evidence for that purpose. It is to be noted that in claiming for the cost of future damage in Gleneagles, evidence was led as to the cost of rehabilitation care of the first respondent and the costing was obtained from the private hospitals/centres. [12] In other words, the test of reasonableness applies in two ways. First, the plaintiff must justify why he chooses treatment at a private hospital over a public hospital. Secondly, the plaintiff must show that the cost of treatment at a private hospital was reasonable. In determining whether it is, or was, reasonable or justifiable in resorting to treatment at a private hospital, there can be no fixed or inflexible rules simply because of the myriad of reasons or circumstances why treatment is sought or intended to be sought at a private hospital. [13] For instance, a plaintiff, immediately after an accident, may be brought by a Good Samaritan to the nearest private hospital in the interest of getting quick and early treatment. It may then be unjust to expect the plaintiff to justify why his claims at the private hospital ought to be allowed. [14] There may also be a case where a plaintiff is seriously injured and his only concern is to seek quick and effective treatment which he or she thinks is available at the private hospital only. At that moment, the plaintiff is hardly in a position to undertake a cost-benefit analysis of any potential claim against possible tortfeasors. In those circumstances, it may be reasonable to allow such claims. [15] In the end, there can be no fixed rule. It really depends on the peculiar circumstances of each case. With the Inas Faiqah decision, a claim instituted now for medical expenses cannot be denied purely on the ground that the particular treatment was available at a government hospital. A holistic consideration of the question of reasonableness is imperative before any decision can be made on whether such claims for private medical expenses can be allowed (see also Rohgetana Mayathevan v. Dr Navin Kumar & Ors And Other Appeals [2017] 3 CLJ 311; [2017] 4 MLJ 102). Mahkamah ini berpuas hati dengan pembuktian dan penjelasan plaintif berkenaan item ini dan Mahkamah ini berpendapat bahawa alasan tersebut adalah munasabah dan jumlah yang dikenakan adalah munasabah. Oleh itu Mahkamah ini membenrkan tuntutan tanpa potongan. m. Kos Penjagaan Tidak dihujahkan oleh plaintif Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00-DITOLAK n. Kos Rawatan Tradisional Tidak dihujahkan oleh plaintif Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00-DITOLAK o. Kos Pembelian Perubatan Tidak dihujahkan oleh plaintif Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00-DITOLAK p. Kos membaiki motorsikal no. JNQ 1819 Tidak dihujahkan oleh plaintif Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00-DITOLAK q. Kos kehilangan pendapatan dan/atau kos kehilangan separuh pendapatan RM180,000.00 (RM10,000.00 x 18 bulan) RM0.00 Ditolak Keputusan Mahkamah-RM0.00- DITOLAK Hujahan plaintif