A desires a court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B by reason of facts which he asserts and which B denies to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts. [39] Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Letchumanan Chettiar Alagappan @ L Allagappan & Anor v Secure Plantation Sdn Bhd [2017] 4 MLJ 697 telah menyatakan sebagaimana berikut: [54] Section 101(1) provides that ‘Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist’. Section 101 states that the initial burden of proving a prima facie case in his favour is cast on the plaintiff…’ (Woodroffe and Amir Ali, Law of Evidence (19th Ed Vol 3) at p 3194). Illustration (b) to s 101 puts it beyond doubt that the ‘burden of proof’ rests throughout on the plaintiff. Section 102 provides that ‘The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side’. The initial onus of proving the case is always on the plaintiff’ (Sarkar Law of Evidence 16th Ed at p 1593). Illustration (a) to s 102 puts it beyond doubt that a plaintiff has the initial onus of proof. ... [60] It would pan out that the respondent, who was the plaintiff, had both the ‘burden of proof’ to make out a prima facie case as well as the initial onus of proof to adduce evidence to prove the claim. The onus of proof would only shift to the appellants if the respondent had made out a prima facie case. That remained so even though forgery was pleaded... [61] A plaintiff has the onus to begin the case, even if the defence pleads fraud (see also Grunther Industrial Developments & Gid Ltd v Federated Employees Insurance Association (1973) 117 SJ 13 per Cairns LJ). Unless the cause of action is admitted by the defendant (see illustration (b) of s 102 and Wee Yue Chew v Su Sh-Hsyu [2008] SGHC 50, where the defendant admitted the cause of action and pleaded payment and so must prove that the admitted claim had been discharged by payment), a plaintiff has the burden of proof as well as the initial onus to prove the claim, albeit that the defence is forgery. (emphasis added) [40] Plaintif semasa kesnya telah mengemukakan borang permohonan bekalan elektrik bersama dokumen-dokumen sokongan seperti salinan kad pengenalan dan perjanjian sewa untuk membuktikan bahawa Defendan merupakan pengguna berdaftar dengan Plaintif. [41] Mahkamah berpuas hati bahawa identiti Defendan telah digunakan oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Kad pengenalan Defendan yang diterima oleh pihak Plaintif bukanlah kad pengenalan sebenar Defendan di mana gambar sebenar Defendan telah digantikan dengan gambar pihak ketiga yang tidak dikenali. [42] Perjanjian sewa yang dikemukakan juga mempunyai banyak keraguan terutamanya daripada segi tandatangan, muka surat yang terlibat serta salinan sewaan yang diberikan bukanlah satu salinan yang menyeluruh (‘not a complete set’). Namun begitu, adakah Plaintif telah gagal membuat pertimbangan yang sewajarnya serta cuai dalam menerima permohonan pihak ketiga yang mengguna pakai identiti Defendan tersebut? [43] Defendan dalam tuntutan balasnya telah memplidkan bahawa Plaintif telah melakukan kecuaian apabila gagal mengambil apa-apa langkah berhati-hati untuk menentu sahkan identiti pemohon sebenar semasa menerima, memproses dan meluluskan permohonan bekalan elektrik. [44] Untuk membuktikan kecuaian Plaintif, terdapat empat elemen yang perlu dipenuhi. Dalam kes Arab-Malaysian Finance Berhad v Steven Phoa Cheng Loon & Ors and other appeals [2003] 1 MLJ 567, Mahkamah Rayuan telah menyenaraikan empat elemen untuk membuktikan kecuaian seperti berikut:- “To make out a case against a defendant in the tort of negligence, a plaintiff must establish four ingredients. First, he must show that he was owed a duty by the defendant to take reasonable care. Second, that the defendant breached that duty, third, that the resultant breach caused the harm in question and fourth that he (the plaintiff) suffered damage that is not too remote. There is a tendency on the part of some textbook writers (in the interest of tidiness) to treat each of these elements in watertight compartments. Such an approach may be quite misleading. This is because what a court trying an action for negligence is concerned with is the interpretation of a particular set of facts as establishing or negativing one or more of the ingredients of the tort.” [45] Defendan perlu membuktikan elemen-elemen berikut: a) Plaintif mempunyai tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga terhadap Defendan; b) Plaintif telah melanggar tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga tersebut; c) Pelanggaran tersebut telah menyebabkan Defendan mengalami kerugian. Tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga (duty of care) [46] Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Tenaga Nasional Malaysia v Batu Kemas Industri Sdn Bhd and another appeal [2018] 5 MLJ 561 telah memutuskan seperti berikut:- “[33] The first matter that must be established to proceed with a claim based on the tort of negligence is that the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff. ‘The tort of negligence requires first of all that there be a duty of care on the part of the (defendant) not to do any act or omit to do any act the doing of which or the omission of which could foreseeably affect other persons resulting in damage or loss to such other persons’ (Siew Yaw Jen v Majlis Perbandaran Kajang and another appeal [2015] 4 MLJ 411 per Zaharah Ibrahim JCA, as she then was, delivering the judgment of the court)...” [47] Bagi menentukan sama ada Plaintif mempunyai tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga terhadap Defendan, Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam kes Batu Kemas Industries (supra) telah merujuk kepada 3 faktor pertimbangan yang diputuskan dalam kes Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman and others [1990] 1 All ER 568 seperti berikut:- [50] Caparo’s ‘three-fold test’ to determine a new situation duty of care, encompassed public policy concerns, probably, to limit ‘a liability in an indeterminable amount for an indeterminable time to an indeterminable class’ (Ultramares Corporation v Touche 174 NE 441 (1932) per Cardozo CJ) if Lord Atkin’s neighbour principle were applied without restriction. In order for a duty of care to arise in negligence: (i) harm must be reasonably foreseeable as a result of the defendant’s conduct (as established in Donoghue v Stevenson); (ii) the parties must be in a relationship of proximity; and (iii) it must be fair, just and reasonable to impose liability.” [48] Plaintif merupakan pemegang lesen yang berfungsi untuk membekalkan bekalan elektrik kepada pengguna-pengguna di Semenanjung Malaysia. Ini bermaksud tiada pihak lain yang boleh membekalkan elektrik selain daripada Plaintif di Semenanjung Malaysia ini. [49] Plaintif akan menerima permohonan bekalan elektrik yang dikemukakan oleh bakal pelanggan sebelum bekalan elektrik dibekalkan. Plaintif berada di satu posisi untuk menentukan sama ada suatu permohonan bekalan elektrik harus diluluskan ataupun ditolak. Ini berdasarkan kepada dokumen-dokumen yang dibekalkan oleh bakal pelanggan/pemohon. [50] Mahkamah bersetuju bahawa Plaintif mempunyai tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga dalam menerima permohonan bekalan elektrik yang dibuat memandangkan kelulusan atau penolakan pembekalan elektrik akan memberi kesan kepada bakal pelanggan/pemohon. Ini kerana bakal pelanggan tidak mempunyai pilihan lain untuk memohon bekalan elektrik daripada pihak lain kecuali Plaintif. [51] Plaintif mempunyai tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga terhadap Defendan walaupun Defendan bukan pemohon sebenar bekalan elektrik dan tidak mempunyai hubungan kontrak dengan Plaintif. [52] Dalam kes Koperasi Sahabat Amanah Ikhtiar Bhd v RHB Investment Bank Bhd [2022] MLJU 2754, Mahkamah Rayuan juga memutuskan bahawa tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga boleh berbangkit dalam situasi di mana pihak-pihak tidak mempunyai hubungan kontrak antara satu sama lain. Petikan seperti berikut dirujuk:- “[21] There is no need for one to be in a contractual relationship with another before there can arise a duty of care. In fact, the way the law of negligence was first developed in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 was in the context where there was no contractual relationship between the consumer of the ginger beer that was found to contain a partially decomposed snail and the manufacturer of the ginger beer.” [53] Plaintif dan Defendan mempunyai hubungan rapat (relationship of proximity) kerana keputusan Plaintif untuk meluluskan permohonan bekalan elektrik akan menentukan nasib Defendan, iaitu sama ada Defendan akan didaftarkan sebagai pengguna berdaftar walaupun Defendan tidak pernah memohon bekalan elektrik. [54] Dalam kes Donoghue (or McAlister) v Stevenson [1932] All ER Rep 1 Mahkamah telah memutuskan seperti berikut:- “The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law: You must not injure your neighbour, and the lawyers’ question: Who is my neighbour? Receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question” Pelanggaran tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga (breach of duty of care) [55] Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes Arab-Malaysia Finance Bhd (supra) telah memutuskan seperti berikut:- “We have already said that a plaintiff must also prove breach of the relevant duty. As to what constitutes a breach, we would refer to the well-known test formulated by Baron Alderson in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) 11 Exch 781 at p 784. He said that negligence is: The omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. In Fardon-Harcourt-Rivingto (1932) 146 LT 392, Lord Dunedine put it this way: If the possibility of the danger emerging is reasonably apparent, then to take no precaution is negligence; but if the possibility of danger emerging is only a mere possibility which would never occur to the mind of a reasonable man, then there is no negligence in not having taken extraordinary precautions. In other words, people must guard against reasonable probabilities, but they are not bound to guard against fantastic possibilities. Lastly, in Bourhill v Young [1942] 2 All ER 396, at p 403 Lord Macmillan formulated the relevant test in this way: The duty to take care is the duty to avoid doing or omitting to do anything which may have as its reasonable and probable consequence injury to others and the duty is owed to those to whom injury may reasonably and probably be anticipated of the duty is not observed.” [56] Tuntutan balas Defendan melibat dua buah premis yang berbeza iaitu melibatkan Akaun No. 603 dan Akaun No. 907. Permohonan bekalan bagi Akaun No. 603 telah diterima oleh SP5 manakala SP6 menerima permohonan bekalan bagi Akaun No. 907. Kedua-dua permohonan pembukaan akaun tersebut Defendan secara walk-in di kaunter TNB Cawangan Kepong. [57] Defendan membangkitkan bahawa Plaintif telah gagal membuat pengesahan permohonan bekalan elektrik dengan mengguna pakai sistem biometrik serta membuat penyemakan dan perbandingan kad pengenalan asal pemohon yang hadir di pejabat TNB dengan salinan kad pengenalan yang dikemukakan. [58] SP5 semasa perbicaraan telah menerangkan bagaimana proses permohonan bekalan tersebut dibuat, diproses dan diterima bagi Akaun No.