Dalam kes Mahkamah Persekutuan Lai Fee & Anor V Wong Yu Vee & Ors [2023] 3 MLRA 495, telah dinyatakan sebagaimana berikut: “[58] There are, in law, several essential ingredients present in a valid contract. First, there must be an offer (‘proposal’) which is communicated to the other party (ss 2(a), 3 and 4(1), Contracts Act). Second, the party accepting the offer must also have communicated his acceptance to the proposer (ss 4(2), 7 and 8, Contracts Act). Third, the contract must be for a lawful consideration (s 10, Contracts Act), in the sense that the consideration of a contract must be lawful within the meaning of ss 24 and 25, Contracts Act. Fourth, all contracts must be made by the free consent of the parties (s 10, Contracts Act). The parties to a contract are said to consent ‘when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense’ (s 13, Contracts Act); this is also known by the Latin phrase ‘consensus ad idem’ — which has been defined in the Australian Legal Dictionary as ‘Agreement to do the same thing. The common consent necessary for a binding contract’. Consent is said to be only free within the meaning of s 14 of the Contracts Act (this requires a more detailed discussion and will be dealt with below). Fifth, the parties to the contract must be legally competent or have legal capacity to enter into a contract (ss 10, 11 and 12, Contracts Act). Sixth, all contracts must have certainty— contracts which are vague or where the meaning of which is not certain, or capable of being made certain, are void (s 30, Contracts Act). Lastly, contracts must be for a lawful object (ss 10, 24 and 25 Contracts Act).”