(a)"starting date" means the earliest date on which the plaintiff or any person in whom the cause of action was vested before him first had both the knowledge required for bringing an action for damages in respect of the relevant damage and a right to bring such action; [44] Sekali lagi bagi memahami peruntukan di atas, mahkamah merujuk kepada kes JULIAN CHONG SOOK KEOK & ANOR v. LEE KIM NOOR & ANOR (supra) di mana Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan mengiktiraf prinsip pengetahuan atau penemuan pelanggaran yang sama dengan ketekunan munasabah (reasonable diligence) sebagai penting untuk mewujudkan terakrunya kausa tindakan di mana ianya telah disolusikan dengan penambahan Seksyen 6A tersebut. Mahkamah Persekutuan memutuskan seperti berikut: [83] We, on our part, likewise recognise that same principle of knowledge or discoverability of breach with reasonable diligence as essential for establishing accrual of cause of action. Having said that, this area of the law has since been attended to by the new s. 6A. On the facts of this appeal, the appellants themselves had been continuously misled and misrepresented the true facts by the respondents. If time ran from the date of preparation of the agreements especially the SPA, it is clear that even six years after that date, the appellants were in no position and could not have with reasonable diligence know that the SPA had errors or that the respondents were negligent in its preparation. It was not until they did their own search that the appellants found out about the charge. And, as mentioned earlier, inquiring with their solicitors about the status of the search would have been prudent and the most reasonable course of action or conduct that anyone similarly circumstanced would have taken. [45] Berpandukan prinsip undang-undang, Mahkamah ini berpendapat hujahan Plantif adalah tidak boleh dipertahankan. Mahkamah mendapati penemuan fakta mengenai penglibatan Defendan Kedua hingga Defendan Keempat telah diketahui Plantif pada 6.7.2017 berdasarkan keterangan SP2 (rujuk penyata saksi SP2 – soalan & jawapan no.12) yang disokong laporan polis – P14. [46] Walaubagaimanapun, Plantif dalam jawapan (lampiran 55) perenggan 12.2 penemuan fakta tersebut adalah berdasarkan penegasan Defendan Pertama melalui Afidavit Sokongan Defendan Pertama bertarikh 6.10.2022 bahawa sepatutnya Defendan Kedua yang terlibat dalam kerja cari gali di kawasan tersebut. Maka berdasarkan keterangan dan fakta yang diplidkan tersebut mampu diterjemahkan kepada pengetahuan atau kebolehtemuan pelanggaran yang sama dengan ketekunan munasabah sebagai penting bagi kausa tindakan terakru? Jawapan Mahkamah ini adalah negatif. [47] Dalam percanggahan ini, Mahkamah ini turut berlandaskan kepada apa yang telah digariskan dalam kes JULIAN sekali lagi, iaitu sekiranya pembelaan had masa diplidkan maka beban terletak di bahu Plantif untuk membuktikan tindakan telah dibawa dalam tempoh masa yang diperuntukkan menurut Akta Had Masa yang mana jelas Plantif telah gagal berbuat demikian. [48] Bagi melengkapkan analisis Mahkamah ini berkenaan penggunaan Seksyen 6A tersebut, Defendan Kedua hingga Defendan Keempat dalam kes ini menegaskan bahawa peruntukan tersebut hanya terpakai pada kes-kes yang melibatkan kerosakan pendam (latent damages) sahaja manakala Plantif menafikan sebaliknya. Dalam hal ini, Mahkamah ini bersependapat dengan hasil analisa Hakim Anselm Charles Fernandis (HMT) dalam kes ONG BING HONG V YONG CHEN LIM & ANOR [2024] MLJU 3169 iaitu penggunaan Seksyen 6A tidak hanya terhad bagi kes kerosakan pendam dalam kes pembinaan sahaja malah Mahkamah ini terikat untuk mengikuti apa yang telah diputuskan dalam kes tersebut seperti berikut: [50] Section 6A concerns cases where the damage could not be detected at the time the damage materialised. Before embarking further on this point, it would be pertinent to determine the scope of section 6A and whether it applies to other forms of negligence apart from latent defects in construction cases. [51] The Hansards to the amendment’s states: Fasal 2, bertujuan memasukkan seksyen baharu 6A ke dalam Akta 254 untuk membolehkan seseorang untuk mengambil tindakan berasaskan kecuaian yang tidak melibatkan kecederaan diri dengan membenarkan pelanjutan had masa tiga tahun daripada tarikh pengetahuan orang yang mempunyai kausa tindakan itu. Peruntukan ini mengambil kira kes kecuaian yang melibatkan kerosakan pendam dalam kes pembinaan. Emphasis added [52] The Hansards seem to limit the applicability of section 6A to latent defects in construction cases. This would be at variance with the wide wordings of the section itself which states “this section shall apply to any action for damages for negligence”. [53] In construing section 6A I am reminded of what the Federal Court succinctly stated in Maple Amalgamated Sdn Bhd & Anor V. Bank Pertanian Malaysia Bhd [2021] 8 CLJ 409 concerning the use of Hansards in statutory interpretation: [53] We are aware that the Hansard is not a definitive corpus on the law. The speeches are relevant in terms of statutory construction when the courts are required to ascertain the meaning of the words used in statutes. The courts retain the obligation to construe an Act of Parliament based on the language employed by applying settled cannons of construction but they are by no means bound by what Parliamentarians say what the law means if the actual language of the statute is broader or narrower than the intent expressed or implied in the process of passing that statute. It could therefore be said that the Hansard is merely the starting point on interpretation and not the end-goal. Emphasis added [54] Along the same vein the illustrations to section 6A only relates to negligence cases for latent damage in a construction case. This however does not ipso facto mean that the section is confined to such cases. [55] This time I am reminded of what was stated by the Federal Court in Merong Mahawangsa Sdn Bhd & Anor V. Dato’ Shazryl Eskay Abdullah [2015] 8 CLJ 212 in respect of illustrations: [36] On the illustrations of lawful and unlawful considerations, need it be said that illustrations are illustrations and are not the be-all and end-all of all lawful and or unlawful considerations. Illustrations are “examples of what would constitute lawful considerations and what would be considered unlawful and void” ( Lee Nyan Hon & Brothers Sdn Bhd v. Metro Charm Sdn Bhd [2009] 6 CLJ 626; ; [2009] 6 MLJ 1 per Abdul Malik Ishak JCA). “An illustration to a statutory provision merely illustrates a principle and ex hypothesi it cannot be exhaustive. It is illustrative of the true scope and ambit of a section. It must be read subject to the relevant provision in the section itself... Illustration merely illustrates a principle and what the court should try and do is to deduce the principle which underlies the illustrations. An illustration is a simple statement of facts to which the section itself has got to be applied. It only exemplifies the law as enacted in a statute... The statement of law in the illustrations used in an Act cannot be taken as laying down substantive law, and does not bind the court to place a meaning on the section which is inconsistent with its language. If there be any conflict between the illustration and the main enactment, the illustration must give away to the latter. It is true that illustrations cannot control the language of a section, but they certainly afford a guidance to its construction. (TVS Bindhra Interpretation of Statutes, (10th edn) at pp. 121-125). Emphasis added [49] Terang lagi bersuluh, tindakan guaman yang difailkan oleh Plantif terhadap Defendan Kedua hingga Defendan Keempat dihalang oleh had masa maka tuntutan Plantif terhadap Defendan Kedua hingga Defendan Keempat dibatalkan. Selanjutnya, Mahkamah ini hanya akan memutuskan isu kedua dan isu ketiga antara Plantif dan Defendan Pertama sahaja. Isu Kedua : Samada kerosakan sesalur dan kabel fiber optik milik Plantif di kawasan kejadian berpunca daripada kecuaian Defendan Pertama Beban pembuktian dan undang-undang berkenaan tort kecuaian [50] Undang-undang mantap menggariskan beban pembuktian bagi tort kecuaian adalah terletak pada pihak Plantif atas imbangan kebarangkalian. Mahkamah ini merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Tinggi MESTIKA BISTARI SDN BHD & ANOR V. TELEKOM MALAYSIA BHD [2018] MLJU 358 di mana kes ini telah menjelaskan berkenaan ujian yang perlu dipenuhi bagi menentukan terdapat kecuaian di pihak Defendan Pertama adalah seperti berikut: [37] Telekom claims that Fujiya had negligently damaged its cables. It is settled law that the burden of proving negligence is on the Plaintiff. Accordingly, in this instant case the onus of proving that Fujiya is negligent is on Telekom. Telekom must prove that Fujiya owes it a duty of care, that the duty of care was breached and that the said breach caused Telekom to suffer damages. In The Fordeco Nos 12 and 17 [2000] 1 CLJ 605; [2000] 1 MLJ 449, the Federal Court held that: “First, the plaintiffs' claim in the instant case is for damages for negligence as a result of collision between a ship and a tugboat. What is the right of action here? An action lies whenever the plaintiff has suffered damage by reason of the negligent performance of any duty which the defendant, his agent or servant owes to the plaintiff. There are three elements that together constitute the right of action for negligence, namely, duty, breach and damage. (Bullen & Leake & Jacob's on Precedents of Pleadings (13th Ed, 1990) at p 678). Hence, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove these elements. It is settled law that the onus of proving negligence is on the plaintiff (Neo Chan Eng v. Koh Yong Hoe [1960] MLJ 291). Thus applying this principle of law to the instant case, it is for the respondents to satisfy the court that their claim is well-founded.” [38] The Federal Court in Lok Kok Beng & 49 Ors v. Loh Chiak Eong & Anor [2015] 7 CLJ 1008; [2015] 4 MLJ 734; [2015] MLJU 261 citing with approval the House of Lord's decision in Caparo Industries plc v. Dickson [1990] 2 AC 605, held that the elements giving rise to a duty of care are foreseeability, proximity and policy consideration. Zainun Ali FCJ held that: [34] To put it in a nutshell the preferred test is the three fold test, where the requirements of foreseeability, proximity and policy considerations must exist in any claim for negligence. The three fold test has been recognised by the House of Lords in Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, as the elements giving rise to a duty of care. In the judgment of Lord Bridge in Caparo at pp 617-618, His Lordship said that: “What emerges is that, in addition to the foreseeability of damage, necessary ingredients in any situation giving rise to a duty of care are that there should exist between the party owing the duty and the party to whom it is owed a relationship characterised by the law as one of 'proximity' or 'neighbourhood' and that the situation should be one in which the court considers it fair, just and reasonable that the law should impose a duty of a given scope on the one party for the benefit of the other.” [51] Berpaksikan kepada perinsip undang-undang di atas, Plantif dikehendaki membuktikan elemen-elemen tort kecuaian atas imbangan kebarangkalian seperti berikut: i. Defendan Pertama mempunyai kewajipan berjaga-jaga (duty of care) terhadap Plantif; ii. Defendan Pertama telah memungkiri atau melanggari kewajipan berjaga-jaga tersebut (breach of duty of care); dan iii. Kesan kemungkiran atau pelanggaran kewajipan berjaga-jaga tersebut Plantif telah mengalami kerugian secara langsung (damages). Kewajipan berjaga-jaga [52] Plantif mendakwa Defendan Pertama merupakan sub-kontraktor kepada Defendan Kedua di mana Defendan Pertama telah terlibat secara lansung dalam kerja-kerja yang menjadi punca kepada insiden yang menyebabkan kerosakan kepada sesalur dan kabel fiber milik Plantif. Mahkamah mendapati dalam Jawapan (lampiran 51) memplidkan sedemikian: a) Plantif mendakwa telah membuat siasatan yang sewajarnya atas kerosakan sesalur dan kaber fiber di kawasan kejadian tersebut dan mendapati kerosakan telah dilakukan oleh Defendan Pertama hingga Defendan Keempat. b) Plantif telah menyerahkan dokumen-dokumen berkaitan dengan kerosakan tersebut kepada Defendan Pertama sebelum memfailkan tindakan sivil ini tetapi Defendan Pertama tidak pernah menafikan tuntutan Plantif tersebut terutamanya jika Defendan Pertama bukanlah pihak yang terlibat. [53] Manakala Defendan Pertama mendakwa mereka tidak mempunyai kewajipan berjaga-jaga terhadap Plantif disebabkan Defendan bukan kontraktor yang menjalankan kerja-kerja gali bagi projek membaiki paip utama bocor di kawasan tersebut dan kerja-kerja gali tersebut sebenarnya dilaksanakan oleh Defendan Kedua hingga Defendan Keempat. Maka Defendan Pertama memplidkan bahawa Plantif telah memfailkan guaman sivil terhadap pihak yang salah. [54] Sehubungan itu, beban pembuktian adalah terletak pada Plantif untuk membuktikan liabliti Defendan Pertama yang mana sama ada Defendan Pertama adalah terlibat dalam kerja-kerja gali di kawasan tempat kejadian. Hal ini sekaligus menjawab kepada persoalan sama ada Defendan Pertama mempunyai kewajipan berjaga-jaga terhadap Plantif. [55] Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Mahkamah Persekutuan HONG YIK TRADING V. LIZIZ PLANTATION SDN BHD [2017] 5 MLJ 398 di mana Hakim Arifin Zakaria menjelaskan berkenaan beban pembuktian yang terletak pada pihak yang menegaskan tentang kewujudan sesuatu fakta dan sekiranya pihak yang menuntut gagal melepaskan beban pembuktian tersebut, pihak yang satu lagi tidak perlu mengemukakan sebarang keterangan sebagaimana berikut: [12] It is settled law that the burden of proof rests throughout the trial on the party who asserts that the facts exist (s. 101 of the Evidence Act 1950). Where a party on whom the burden of proof lies has discharged that burden, then the evidential burden shifts to the other party. However, if the party on whom the burden of proof lies fails to discharge it, the other party need not call any evidence. [56] Oleh yang demikian, Mahkamah ini perlu meneliti keterangan saksi-saksi Plantif terlebih dahulu dan dokumen-dokumen yang dikemukakan di mana dijadikan premis / asas dakwaan Plantif bahawa Defendan Pertama merupakan sub-kontraktor kepada Defendan Kedua yang mana Defendan Pertama mempunyai kewajipan berjaga-jaga apabila terlibat secara lansung dalam kerja-kerja yang menjadi punca kepada insiden yang menyebabkan kerosakan kepada sesalur dan kabel fiber Plantif. [57] Mahkamah mendapati keterangan SP2 iaitu Penolong Pegawi Teknik Plantif, adalah amat penting kerana beliau adalah individu pertama yang menerima aduan dan individu yang menjalankan siasatan di lapangan iaitu kawasan kejadian dan kemudiannya melaporkan hasil siasatan kepada SP1 bagi tindakan lanjut. Berikut adalah keterangan beliau merujuk kepada Penyata Saksi SP2 – P13 :