28. Special defences

Where any person is charged for any offence under section 27 it shall be a defence to prove that such discharge or spillage was—

36

for the purpose of securing the safety of the vessel;

for the purpose of saving human life;

the result of damage to the vessel and that all reasonable steps were taken to prevent, to stop or to reduce the spillage;

the result of a leakage, which was not due to want of care, and that all reasonable steps have been taken to stop or reduce the leakage; or

the result of an effluent produced by operation for the refining of oil, and that all reasonable steps had been taken to eliminate oil from the effluent and that it was not reasonably practicable to dispose of the effluent otherwise than by discharging or spilling it into the Malaysian waters.